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Forestry Optional for UPSC and State PCS Forest Exams 2025
Introduction to Forestry Optional When it comes to choosing an optional subject for UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) or various State Public Service Commission…
GS Paper III
Environment and Ecology Notes for UPSC and State PCS
Prepare ecology, biodiversity, climate change, pollution, environmental laws, conservation and forest-related topics for Prelims and Mains.
Latest Environment articles
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Climate Change and Climate Action
Introduction Climate change is an existential crisis that is already reshaping ecosystems, economies, and human survival. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines climate change…
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Forest Conservation & Augmentation Act, 2023
Introduction The Forest Conservation Augmentation Act, 2023 (Van Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan Adhiniyam) is a major amendment to the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. This new…
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Mangrove Ecosystem: Importance, Conservation, and Challenges
Introduction to Mangrove Ecosystem The mangrove ecosystem is one of the most vital coastal ecosystems, offering a unique blend of terrestrial and marine biodiversity.…
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Wetland Ecosystem, Ramsar Convention
Introduction The wetland ecosystem is one of the most biologically diverse and ecologically important ecosystems on the planet. Often referred to as “the kidneys…
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Biological Diversity Act, 2002 & Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023
As a party to the CBD, India enacted the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, which serves as a comprehensive legal framework to protect biological resources…
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Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Introduction The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international legally binding treaty aimed at promoting sustainable development while ensuring the conservation of biological...
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Agroforestry
Introduction In an era marked by climate change and escalating environmental challenges, sustainable land-use options have become a necessity to safeguard livelihoods and promote…
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Explained : UPSC 2025
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic and formal process designed to evaluate the potential environmental, social, and health-related impacts of proposed projects or…
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Water Security in India: Challenges and Solutions
Introduction Water security is crucial for India’s economic development, public health, and ecological balance. As the second most populous country, India faces a growing…