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Mangrove Ecosystem: Importance, Conservation, and Challenges
Introduction to Mangrove Ecosystem The mangrove ecosystem is one of the most vital coastal ecosystems, offering a unique blend of terrestrial and marine biodiversity.…
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Environment and Ecology Notes
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Latest Environment and Ecology Notes articles
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Wetland Ecosystem, Ramsar Convention
Introduction The wetland ecosystem is one of the most biologically diverse and ecologically important ecosystems on the planet. Often referred to as “the kidneys…
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Biological Diversity Act, 2002 & Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023
As a party to the CBD, India enacted the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, which serves as a comprehensive legal framework to protect biological resources…
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Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Introduction The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international legally binding treaty aimed at promoting sustainable development while ensuring the conservation of biological...
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Agroforestry
Introduction In an era marked by climate change and escalating environmental challenges, sustainable land-use options have become a necessity to safeguard livelihoods and promote…
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Explained : UPSC 2025
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic and formal process designed to evaluate the potential environmental, social, and health-related impacts of proposed projects or…
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Water Security in India: Challenges and Solutions
Introduction Water security is crucial for India’s economic development, public health, and ecological balance. As the second most populous country, India faces a growing…
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Paris Agreement: A Comprehensive Overview
The Paris Agreement, adopted at COP21 in 2015, is a landmark international treaty aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C. It's vital for UPSC…
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Kyoto Protocol: A Comprehensive Overview
The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most significant international agreements aimed at combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Adopted on December…
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Köppen Climate Classification System
The Köppen Climate Classification system, developed by Wladimir Köppen, categorizes global climates based on temperature and precipitation, crucial for ecological studies. It divides the…