- A. The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
- B. The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
- C. It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
- D. Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.
Answer: B
Explanation
The unit of application of ceiling differs from State to State. In Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, it is on the basis of an ‘land holder’, whereas in the other States it is one the basis of a ‘family’. Moreover, there were a list of exemptions to ceiling limits by different states. In order to bring about uniformity, a new policy was evolved in 1971. The main features were: Lowering of ceiling to 28 acres of wet land and 54 acres of unirrigated land A change over to family rather than the individual as the unit for determining land holdings lowered ceiling for a family of five. Fewer exemptions from ceilings Retrospective application of the law for declaring benami transactions null and void; and No scope to move the court on ground of infringement of fundamental rights. Therefore, Options (a) and (d) are not correct. After Independence, the immediate goal of the Government was to increase foodgrains production by (i) switching over from cash crops to food crops; (ii) intensification of cropping over already cultivated land; and (iii) increasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable and fallow land under plough. Therefore, Land reforms were not focussed on cash crops and hence it did not lead to cash crops being predominant form of cultivation. Also, the Land reforms in Haryana and Punjab were the reason for introducing Green Revolution. It focussed more on food crops production as predominant form of cultivation and not cash crops. Therefore, Option (c) is not correct. The Land Reforms in India-aimed at the redistribution of ownership holdings and reorganising operational holdings from the view point of optimum utilisation of land. It has also aimed at providing security of tenure, fixation of rents and conferment of ownership. Hence, option (b) is correct.