Consider the following statements in respect of the Non-Cooperation Movement: I. The Congress declared the attainment of ‘Swaraj’ by all legitimate and peaceful means to be its objective. II. It was to be implemented in stages with civil disobedience and non-payment of taxes for the next stage only if ‘Swaraj’ did not come within a year and the Government resorted to repression. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. A. I only
2. B. II only
3. C. Both I and II
4. D. Neither I nor II

Answer: C

Explanation

Statement I is correct. At the Nagpur session in December 1920, the Indian National Congress formally adopted the Non-Cooperation Movement and changed its creed to the attainment of ‘Swaraj’ (self-rule) by all legitimate and peaceful means. This marked a significant shift in the Congress’s objectives. Statement II is also correct. Mahatma Gandhi outlined a phased implementation of the movement. He promised Swaraj within a year if the non-cooperation program was fully implemented. He also stated that if Swaraj was not achieved within that timeframe or if the government resorted to severe repression, the movement would escalate to civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. Both statements accurately reflect the objectives and strategy of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Understanding the evolution of nationalist demands and strategies is crucial for UPSC Modern History.