With reference to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are used in making many consumer product, consider the following statements : 1. PFAS are found to be widespread in drinking water, food and food packaging material. 2. PFAS are not easily degraded in the environment. 3. Persistent exposure to PFAS can lead to bioaccumulation in animal bodies. Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. A. 1 and 2 only
2. B. 2 and 3 only
3. C. 1 and 3 only
4. D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

Explanation

All three statements regarding Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are correct: 1. Statement 1 is correct: PFAS are extensively used in various consumer products, including non-stick cookware, water-repellent fabrics, and food packaging. Their widespread use has led to their presence in drinking water, food, and the environment globally. 2. Statement 2 is correct: PFAS are often referred to as ‘forever chemicals’ because of their strong carbon-fluorine bonds, which make them extremely resistant to degradation in the environment. They persist for very long periods. 3. Statement 3 is correct: Due to their persistence and chemical properties, PFAS can accumulate in the tissues of living organisms, including animals and humans, over time with continuous exposure. This process is known as bioaccumulation. This topic is highly relevant to environmental pollution, public health, and emerging contaminants, frequently appearing in current affairs and environmental policy discussions.