July 15, 2025 7:29 pm
Introduction
Climate change is an existential crisis that is already reshaping ecosystems, economies, and human survival. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines climate change as:
“A significant variation in the mean state of climate (temperature, winds, precipitation, etc.) for an extended period of time (usually 10 years or longer).”
It is primarily driven by global warming, which refers to the increase in global mean surface temperature of the near-surface atmosphere and oceans, averaged over a 30-year period.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—the world’s leading scientific body on climate issues—has repeatedly warned that rising temperatures, melting ice caps, extreme weather events, and biodiversity loss are only intensifying due to human activities.
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Understanding Climate Change: Causes and Consequences
1. What is Driving Climate Change?
Natural Causes (Minimal Influence Today)
- Volcanic Eruptions – Release gases and aerosols, but short-term impact.
- Solar Variations – Minimal effect compared to human-induced changes.
- El Niño & Ocean Currents – Affect regional climates but do not drive long-term global trends.
Human-Induced Causes (Primary Drivers of Climate Change Today)
- Burning Fossil Fuels – Coal, oil, and gas combustion are responsible for over 75% of global CO₂ emissions.
- Deforestation – Massive forest loss means less CO₂ absorption and increased atmospheric carbon.
- Industrial & Agricultural Emissions – Release of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), both far more potent than CO₂.
- Overconsumption & Waste – Overuse of resources and unsustainable production processes drive pollution.
2. How Is Climate Change Impacting the Planet?
🌍 Rising Global Temperatures
- The past nine years have been the warmest on record.
- 2023 was one of the hottest years ever recorded.
- Temperatures are now 1.1°C higher than pre-industrial levels—dangerously close to the 1.5°C threshold outlined in the Paris Agreement.
🌊 Melting Ice & Rising Sea Levels
- The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are melting at unprecedented rates.
- Arctic sea ice has shrunk by nearly 50% since 1979.
- Sea levels have risen over 20 cm in the past century, threatening coastal cities and small island nations.
🔥 Extreme Weather Events
- More intense hurricanes, cyclones, and wildfires are occurring globally.
- Record-breaking droughts and floods are devastating food production.
- Unpredictable climate patterns are forcing millions into poverty and migration.
🌱 Biodiversity Loss & Ecosystem Disruption
- Over 1 million species are at risk of extinction due to habitat destruction and rising temperatures.
- Coral reefs—critical marine biodiversity hubs—are dying due to ocean acidification and heat stress.
💨 Air Pollution & Human Health Impacts
- Rising CO₂ levels lead to worsening air quality and respiratory diseases.
- Climate change is expanding the range of deadly diseases like malaria and dengue fever.
🥵 Climate Inequality & Human Displacement
- The poorest communities—those least responsible for emissions—face the worst consequences.
- Over 20 million people are displaced annually due to climate-related disasters.
- Water and food shortages are intensifying global conflicts and resource wars.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The Science Behind Climate Action
What is the IPCC?
The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is a UN scientific body established in 1988 by the WMO and UNEP to assess climate change science and provide policymakers with critical insights.
Why Does the IPCC Matter?
- Its reports shape global climate policy (Paris Agreement, UNFCCC).
- It synthesizes research from thousands of climate scientists across the world.
- It highlights the urgency of action by demonstrating the consequences of inaction.
Major IPCC Reports and Their Findings
1️⃣ IPCC AR5 (2014):
- Declared human influence on climate change as “unequivocal”.
- Showed that 1.5°C warming would have devastating impacts.
2️⃣ IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018):
- Stressed that limiting warming to 1.5°C is critical to avoiding irreversible damage.
- Warned that exceeding this threshold could trigger catastrophic tipping points.
3️⃣ IPCC AR6 (2021-2023):
- Concluded that the world is failing to meet climate targets.
- We have less than a decade to act decisively to prevent catastrophic warming.
- Called for immediate and large-scale emissions reductions.
Global Climate Action: What is Being Done?
1. The Paris Agreement (2015)
🌎 The most significant climate treaty ever signed, adopted at COP 21 in Paris.
🔹 Goal: Limit global warming to well below 2°C, ideally 1.5°C.
🔹 Countries set Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to cut emissions.
🔹 195+ countries, including India, China, USA, and EU, are signatories.
2. Net-Zero Pledges & Renewable Energy Transition
⚡ Over 70 countries have set net-zero targets for carbon neutrality by mid-century.
⚡ Wind and solar energy costs have dropped by over 80% in the past decade.
⚡ Fossil fuel dependency remains a challenge, but renewables are now the fastest-growing energy source.
3. Key Climate Action Movements & Policies
✅ Green Climate Fund (GCF) – Helps developing nations finance climate resilience projects.
✅ Carbon Pricing & Carbon Markets – Countries and businesses pay for emissions to incentivize reduction.
✅ Reforestation Initiatives – Large-scale tree planting and afforestation efforts worldwide.
✅ Ban on Single-Use Plastics – Over 100 countries are now restricting plastic pollution.
Challenges to Climate Action
🚨 Fossil Fuel Lobbying & Political Inaction
- Fossil fuel companies still receive billions in subsidies despite climate pledges.
- Many governments lack legally binding enforcement mechanisms for climate goals.
🚨 Climate Finance Gap
- Developing nations need over $100 billion annually for climate adaptation, but funds are falling short.
🚨 Greenwashing & Corporate Deception
- Many businesses falsely claim sustainability while continuing harmful practices.
- Carbon offsets often fail to deliver real emissions reductions.
🚨 Lack of Global Accountability
- No real penalties for countries that fail to meet their emissions targets.
The Future: What Needs to Happen?
🌎 Radical Climate Policies & Systemic Change
- Governments must stop subsidizing fossil fuels and enforce emissions limits.
- Large-scale investment in green energy, transport, and agriculture is necessary.
🏭 Decarbonization of Industries
- Cement, steel, aviation, and shipping must adopt low-carbon alternatives.
🛑 Ending Deforestation & Land Degradation
- Restoring forests and wetlands is critical for carbon sequestration.
🚀 Public Mobilization & Climate Activism
- Grassroots movements like Fridays for Future and Extinction Rebellion are key to demanding action.
📉 Immediate Emissions Reduction
- The world must cut CO₂ emissions by 45% by 2030 to stay below 1.5°C warming.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Concentrations, Emissions, and Country-Wise Contributions
Understanding GHG Concentrations and Emissions
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. The key GHGs include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases (F-gases). Over the past century, human activities—burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes—have dramatically increased their concentrations in the atmosphere.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR6 (Sixth Assessment Report) provides the latest data on GHG concentrations, emission sources, and sector-wise contributions.
GHG Concentrations in 2022 (Global Mean Values)
| GHG | Pre-Industrial Level Concentration | Present Atmospheric Concentration | Abundance Relative to Pre-Industrial Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) | 280 ppm | 417 ppm | 150% |
| Methane (CH₄) | 730 ppb | 1923 ppb | 264% |
| Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) | 270 ppb | 335 ppb | 124% |
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): The primary driver of global warming, its atmospheric concentration has risen by 150% since pre-industrial times due to fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial emissions.
- Methane (CH₄): A highly potent GHG, 264% higher than pre-industrial levels, mainly from agriculture, livestock, and fossil fuel extraction.
- Nitrous Oxide (N₂O): With a warming potential nearly 300 times higher than CO₂, mainly released from fertilizers, burning fossil fuels, and industrial activities.
GHG Emissions as per IPCC AR6
| Total Annual GHG Emissions (Global) | 59 Gt (59 billion metric tonnes) |
|---|
| GHG Emissions Source | Contribution to Total Annual GHG Emissions | Major Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Emissions | 75% | Fossil fuel combustion (electricity, heat, transportation, industry), land-use change, deforestation |
| Methane (CH₄) Emissions | 18% | Agriculture (livestock, rice cultivation), waste treatment, coal, oil, and gas production |
| Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions | 5% | Agriculture (fertilizers, livestock manure), waste treatment, coal, oil, and gas production |
| F-Gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF₆) | 2% | Industrial processes (refrigeration, electronics, semiconductor manufacturing) |
- CO₂ is the dominant greenhouse gas, contributing three-fourths of total emissions.
- Methane, though present in lower quantities, has a significantly higher warming potential than CO₂.
- F-Gases (Fluorinated Gases) are synthetic and highly potent, used mainly in industrial applications but constitute a small fraction of emissions.
Sector-Wise Contributors to Anthropogenic GHGs
| S No. | Sector | Contribution to Annual GHG Emissions (% of Total Emissions) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Energy (includes transportation, electricity, heat, buildings, manufacturing, and construction, other fuel combustion) | 76% |
| 2 | Agriculture (livestock & crop cultivation) | 12% |
| 3 | Industrial processes (chemicals, cement production, steel, aluminum, etc.) | 6% |
| 4 | Waste (landfills and wastewater treatment) | 3% |
| 5 | Land-use change and forestry (deforestation, land degradation, urban expansion, forest fires) | 3% |
- The energy sector alone is responsible for over three-fourths (76%) of global GHG emissions, driven by fossil fuel combustion for electricity, heat, and transportation.
- Agriculture contributes 12%, mainly through livestock emissions (methane) and fertilizer use (nitrous oxide).
- Land-use change (deforestation) releases stored carbon and accounts for another 3% of emissions.
Country-Wise Emissions (Global GHG Contributors)
| Country | Share of Global GHG Emissions (%) | Total Annual Emissions (bn tonnes of CO₂) | Per Capita Emissions (tonnes/person/year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 26.4% | 11.5 | 10 |
| United States | 12.5% | 6 | 15 |
| India | 7.06% | 3 | <2 |
| European Union | 7.03% | – | – |
- China is the world’s largest emitter, contributing 26.4% of global GHG emissions, largely due to its coal-dependent energy sector and industrial activities.
- The USA follows with 12.5% of emissions, but has the highest per capita emissions (15 tonnes/person/year).
- India, despite being the third-largest emitter, has per capita emissions of less than 2 tonnes per year, far lower than industrialized nations.
Key Takeaways on Global GHG Emissions
1️⃣ Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) remains the dominant greenhouse gas, responsible for 75% of emissions.
2️⃣ Energy production and industrial activities drive over three-fourths (76%) of global emissions.
3️⃣ China, the USA, and India are the top emitters, but per capita emissions differ significantly—India’s per capita emissions are much lower than those of the USA and China.
4️⃣ Methane and Nitrous Oxide have far higher warming potentials than CO₂, making reductions in agriculture, waste, and fossil fuel extraction critical.
5️⃣ Land-use change, including deforestation, is a major but often overlooked contributor to GHG emissions—conserving forests is key to climate mitigation.
What Needs to Be Done?
✅ Transition to Renewable Energy – Phasing out coal, oil, and natural gas in favor of solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear power.
✅ Improve Energy Efficiency – Adoption of energy-efficient appliances, electric vehicles, and sustainable construction.
✅ Reforestation and Land Restoration – Preventing deforestation and restoring degraded lands for carbon sequestration.
✅ Reduce Methane Emissions – Improving livestock management, cutting waste emissions, and reducing food loss.
✅ Stronger Climate Policies – Implementing carbon pricing, emission reduction targets, and climate finance mechanisms.
Climate Equity, Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), and India’s Global Climate Initiatives
Understanding Climate Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)
Climate change is a global issue but its impact, causes, and responsibilities vary across countries. The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), established in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), recognizes that:
- Developed nations historically contributed the most to climate change due to industrialization.
- Developing countries have lower historical emissions but are disproportionately affected by climate change.
- Countries must take action according to their capabilities, with developed nations bearing greater responsibility for emissions reduction and financial assistance to vulnerable countries.
Country-Wise Emissions and the Role of CBDR
| Country | Total Annual Emissions (bn tonnes of CO₂) | Share of Global GHG Emissions (%) | Per Capita Emissions (tonnes/person/year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 11.5 | 26.4% | 10 |
| United States | 6 | 12.5% | 15 |
| India | 3 | 7.06% | <2 |
| European Union | – | 7.03% | – |
| World Average Per Capita Emissions | – | – | 6.5 tonnes/person/year |
- China is the largest emitter, responsible for 26.4% of global emissions, largely due to its reliance on coal-powered industries.
- The United States has the highest per capita emissions (15 tonnes/person/year), reflecting its high energy consumption and industrial output.
- India’s total emissions (7.06%) are lower than developed nations, and its per capita emissions remain below the global average (6.5 tonnes/year), emphasizing its lower historical responsibility.
The principle of Climate Equity and CBDR ensures that nations like India balance their development needs with sustainable practices while holding developed countries accountable for historical emissions.
Global Initiatives by India for Climate Action
1. International Solar Alliance (ISA)
Background and Objectives
- The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was launched by India and France at COP21 (Paris Agreement, 2015) to promote solar energy deployment globally.
- It aims to mobilize USD 1,000 billion in investments in solar energy solutions by 2030 and provide clean energy access to one billion people.
- ISA’s “Towards 1000” strategy aims to achieve:
- 1,000 GW of solar energy capacity by 2030.
- Reduction of 1,000 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions annually.
Significance
- Promotes affordable solar technology for developing nations.
- Reduces dependence on fossil fuels by expanding solar energy infrastructure.
- Encourages climate-resilient economies, particularly in sun-rich tropical countries.
2. One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) Program
Concept and Launch
- OSOWOG was launched by India and the United Kingdom at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) under the Green Grid Initiative.
- It envisions a trans-national interconnected electricity grid powered by renewable energy sources.
- The initiative is an extension of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and was first introduced by India in 2018.
Objectives
- Accelerate global cooperation for a large-scale renewable energy transition.
- Develop interconnected electricity grids across continents to optimize clean energy distribution.
- Balance renewable energy supply and demand by transferring excess power from surplus regions to deficit regions.
- Improve energy access in developing countries through off-grid and mini-grid solutions.
Significance
- Strengthens global energy security by reducing dependency on fossil fuel imports.
- Enhances energy equity by providing sustainable power access to remote regions.
- Supports the global clean energy transition and reduces transmission losses.
3. Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)
Introduction and Objectives
- Mission LiFE was launched by India at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) as a global mass movement to promote sustainable individual and community practices.
- It focuses on shifting consumer behavior towards mindful resource utilization rather than excessive consumption.
- India is the first country to integrate LiFE into its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Key Principles
- Advocates for behavioral change in energy and water usage, waste management, and sustainable consumption.
- Encourages individual and collective responsibility to protect the environment.
- Recognizes individuals practicing sustainable lifestyles as Pro Planet People (P3s).
Significance
- Reduces carbon footprints at an individual level through responsible consumption.
- Encourages sustainable business models and eco-friendly infrastructure.
- Promotes a circular economy by minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency.
4. Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)
Concept and Launch
- The Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) was launched by India, Brazil, and the United States during the G20 Presidency (September 2023).
- The alliance promotes biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels in transportation and industry.
Types of Biofuels
- First Generation: Produced from food crops (sugarcane, corn, rice, wheat).
- Second Generation: Derived from non-food sources (agricultural/industrial waste, used vegetable oil).
- Third Generation: Derived from algae (algae fuel).
- Fourth Generation: Genetically modified crops designed to capture carbon.
Objectives
- Facilitate global collaboration in sustainable biofuel production and trade.
- Strengthen biofuel policies, standards, and regulations.
- Support research, innovation, and infrastructure development for biofuels.
Significance
- Reduces dependence on fossil fuels and enhances energy security.
- Helps in cutting GHG emissions from the transportation sector.
- Supports farmers by creating economic opportunities in biofuel production.
India’s Climate Leadership: A Balanced Approach
India’s approach to climate action reflects a commitment to sustainable development while addressing global climate challenges. It aligns with the principles of Climate Equity and CBDR, advocating for:
- Global cooperation on renewable energy solutions through the International Solar Alliance and OSOWOG.
- Sustainable lifestyle changes and resource conservation through Mission LiFE.
- Advancement of biofuels and circular economy practices via the Global Biofuel Alliance.
- Technological and policy innovation to reduce emissions without compromising economic growth.
Challenges and the Path Forward
- Developed nations must enhance climate financing to support developing economies in adopting green technologies.
- Energy transition must be accompanied by job creation to ensure a just and equitable shift.
- Climate agreements must be legally binding to ensure global compliance.
As the world navigates climate uncertainties, India’s leadership in renewable energy, sustainable practices, and technological innovations is a model for balancing economic growth with environmental responsibility.
Latest COP Summits and Key Outcomes
Conference of Parties (COP) and Global Climate Action
The Conference of Parties (COP) is the supreme decision-making body under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since the Paris Agreement (2015, COP 21), COP meetings have become crucial in setting global climate targets and ensuring that nations meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Below is an overview of the latest COP summits—COP 26 (Glasgow, 2021), COP 27 (Sharm-el-Sheikh, 2022), and COP 28 (Dubai, 2023)—highlighting their key agreements, challenges, and progress in global climate action.
COP 26 – Glasgow, UK (2021)
Key Outcomes and Agreements:
1. Glasgow Climate Pact
- Over 90% of the world’s GDP and approximately 90% of global emissions are now covered by net-zero commitments.
- Measures include:
- Phasing down coal power.
- Halting and reversing deforestation.
- Accelerating the transition to electric vehicles.
- Reducing methane emissions.
2. Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use
- 100+ countries (covering 91% of the world’s forests) pledged to halt and reverse deforestation and land degradation by 2030.
3. Global Methane Pledge
- Over 100 countries pledged to reduce global methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
- Major signatories:
- United States, Brazil, European Union, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Argentina.
- Methane, a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), primarily originates from oil and gas, waste, and agriculture.
4. One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) Initiative
- Launched by India and the UK to establish a transnational solar power grid.
- Aims to increase renewable energy integration and intercontinental electricity trade.
COP 27 – Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt (2022)
Key Outcomes and Agreements:
1. Loss & Damage Fund
- Originally proposed at COP 19 (Warsaw, 2013), but formally agreed upon at COP 27.
- Established to provide financial aid to vulnerable countries, particularly:
- Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
- Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
- Addresses climate-related disasters such as floods, droughts, sea-level rise, and heatwaves.
- Operational details were finalized at COP 28 (Dubai, 2023).
What is “Loss and Damage”?
- Refers to unavoidable climate change impacts that go beyond adaptation, such as:
- Rising sea levels.
- Heatwaves and desertification.
- Biodiversity loss and crop failures.
2. Fossil Fuel Reduction Commitments
- At COP 26, countries pledged to phase down coal.
- At COP 27, India proposed a commitment to phase down all fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), but this was not approved.
COP 28 – Dubai, UAE (2023)
Key Outcomes and Agreements:
1. First Global Stocktake (GST)
- A review of collective progress toward the Paris Agreement targets.
- Decided at COP 21 (Paris, 2015) that GST would take place every five years, starting in 2023.
- Findings indicate countries are not on track to limit global warming to 1.5°C.
2. Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels
- Discussions on net-zero emissions by 2050.
- No clear schedules or targets for fossil fuel phase-out were set.
- Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) (including India and China) opposed a blanket fossil fuel phase-out, emphasizing the need for energy security.
3. Phase-Down of Coal
- Similar to COP 26, coal received a separate mention, while oil and gas phase-down was not explicitly included.
- India and China argued that focusing only on coal was discriminatory, while developed countries promoted natural gas as a “transitional fuel”.
4. Tripling Renewable Energy Capacity by 2030
- A global target for tripling renewable energy generation.
- However, it is not a legally binding commitment for individual nations.
5. Operationalization of the Loss & Damage Fund
- USD 725 million pledged for the fund at COP 28.
- Contributions include:
- United States: USD 17.5 million.
- Additional contributions from developed and developing countries.
6. New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on Climate Finance
- Lays the groundwork for a post-2024 global climate finance framework.
- The final target will be set at COP 29 (2024).
Comparative Analysis of COP 26, COP 27, and COP 28
| Key Issues | COP 26 – Glasgow (2021) | COP 27 – Sharm-el-Sheikh (2022) | COP 28 – Dubai (2023) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Global Stocktake (GST) | Not applicable | Not applicable | First GST conducted, showing slow progress towards Paris Agreement goals |
| Fossil Fuels | Phase-down of coal agreed upon | India proposed phase-down of all fossil fuels, but it was rejected | Fossil fuel phase-out not scheduled, only coal singled out |
| Loss & Damage Fund | Proposed but not established | Agreed upon, details finalized in COP 28 | Operationalized with USD 725 million pledged |
| Renewable Energy | OSOWOG launched to expand solar energy | Expansion of renewable energy discussed | Target to triple renewable energy by 2030 |
| Methane Reduction | Global Methane Pledge launched | No major progress | No new targets set |
| Deforestation | Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use signed | Discussions continued | No major progress |
| Climate Finance | Developed countries failed to meet the USD 100 billion goal | Developed nations asked to increase contributions | New finance framework (NCQG) to be set in COP 29 (2024) |
Challenges and Future Outlook
Challenges in Climate Negotiations
- Fossil Fuel Phase-Out Resistance: Developing nations, including India and China, argue that complete fossil fuel phase-out could hinder their economic growth.
- Slow Climate Finance Delivery: Developed nations have not met the USD 100 billion annual climate finance commitment.
- Loss & Damage Fund Uncertainty: No clarity on who will contribute how much and which countries will receive funds.
What to Expect from COP 29 (2024)?
- Finalization of the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance.
- Further discussions on fossil fuel reduction commitments and energy transition plans.
- Implementation strategies for the first Global Stocktake findings.
The COP summits remain the most significant international platform for climate action, setting the roadmap for a sustainable future. However, the pace of action remains slow, with lack of binding commitments on fossil fuel phase-out, weak climate finance mechanisms, and continued disagreements between developed and developing nations.
To ensure effective climate action, global cooperation, stronger financial commitments, and binding emission reduction targets must be prioritized in COP 29 (2024) and beyond.
India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement
As part of the Paris Agreement (COP 21, 2015), India submitted its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), outlining its climate commitments up to 2030. These commitments focus on emissions reduction, renewable energy expansion, and carbon sequestration.
Key NDC Targets (2015-2030)
| Target | Original Pledge (2015) | Updated Target (2022) |
|---|---|---|
| Non-fossil Fuel-Based Energy Capacity | 40% of installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources | 50% of installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030 |
| Reduction in Emissions Intensity of GDP | Reduce emissions intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels | Reduce emissions intensity by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030 |
| Carbon Sink Enhancement | Additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through forest and tree cover | No revision |
Key Features of India’s NDCs
- No sector-specific mitigation obligations: India retains flexibility in selecting the most efficient climate action pathways.
- Focus on emission intensity reduction rather than absolute emissions reduction.
- Ensuring energy security while promoting clean energy expansion.
- Protecting vulnerable communities and ensuring just economic transitions.
India’s Panchamrit Commitments at COP 26 (Glasgow, 2021)
At COP 26 (Glasgow, 2021), India announced an ambitious five-point climate action plan, termed Panchamrit (five nectar elements), to accelerate its energy transition and emissions reduction.
Panchamrit: India’s Five Climate Commitments
| Commitment | Target by 2030 |
|---|---|
| Expansion of Renewable Energy | Achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity |
| Renewable Energy Share in Energy Mix | Meet 50% of energy demand from renewable sources |
| Carbon Emissions Reduction | Reduce projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes |
| Carbon Intensity Reduction | Reduce carbon intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels |
| Net Zero Emissions | Achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070 |
Analysis of India’s Climate Strategy
1. Energy Transition and Renewable Energy Expansion
- India’s renewable energy sector is rapidly growing—solar and wind power installations have significantly increased.
- Achieved 40% non-fossil fuel energy capacity ahead of the 2030 target (now revised to 50%).
- Challenges: Requires investment in grid modernization, battery storage, and infrastructure to support large-scale renewable integration.
2. Carbon Intensity Reduction and Industrial Decarbonization
- Already achieved a 33-35% reduction in emissions intensity ahead of schedule.
- The revised target of 45% by 2030 aligns with India’s economic and industrial growth.
- Challenges: Heavy industries (steel, cement, chemicals) still rely on fossil fuels, requiring policy incentives for green hydrogen and cleaner manufacturing.
3. Forest-Based Carbon Sequestration
- India aims to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through afforestation and tree plantation.
- Challenges: Urban expansion and deforestation continue to impact forest cover; policy implementation needs stronger enforcement.
4. Net Zero Commitment by 2070
- India’s Net Zero target by 2070 provides flexibility in economic and energy transition without jeopardizing growth.
- Developed countries have Net Zero targets for 2050, but India’s extended timeline accounts for its development needs.
Challenges and Roadblocks in Achieving India’s Climate Goals
1. Fossil Fuel Dependency
- Coal remains India’s primary energy source, contributing over 55% of electricity generation.
- While India supports phasing down coal, it resists phasing out fossil fuels entirely, arguing that developed nations should lead this transition.
2. Need for Climate Finance and Green Investments
- India requires ~$10 trillion to meet its Net Zero target.
- Developed countries have not yet fulfilled their $100 billion annual climate finance commitment.
3. Grid Infrastructure and Storage Limitations
- Scaling up renewables requires grid modernization, battery storage, and stable energy transmission.
- Intermittency of solar and wind energy remains a challenge for power reliability.
4. Just Transition for Workforce and Industries
- Millions of workers depend on coal mining and fossil fuel-based industries.
- A phased transition plan is required to ensure that workers are not left behind.
Way Forward: Strengthening India’s Climate Action
1. Accelerating Renewable Energy Deployment
- Enhance investment in wind, solar, hydro, and bioenergy to meet the 500 GW target by 2030.
- Expand international collaborations (e.g., International Solar Alliance, One Sun One World One Grid) to mobilize investments.
2. Developing Green Hydrogen and Energy Storage Solutions
- Promote green hydrogen as an alternative for heavy industries.
- Increase investment in battery storage and grid modernization.
3. Strengthening Carbon Markets and Policy Frameworks
- Implement carbon pricing mechanisms and incentives for industries to adopt cleaner technologies.
- Strengthen enforcement of afforestation and land restoration projects.
4. Ensuring Equitable and Just Energy Transition
- Support skilling programs for workers transitioning from fossil fuel jobs.
- Strengthen policies for rural electrification and decentralized renewable energy solutions.
5. Securing International Climate Finance
- India must push for adequate climate finance from developed nations through platforms like COP 29 (2024).
- Public-private partnerships should be leveraged for large-scale green infrastructure projects.
Conclusion
India’s updated NDCs and Panchamrit commitments reflect its leadership in global climate action, while balancing development needs with sustainability. Although challenges remain in fossil fuel dependence, financing, and infrastructure, strategic policy interventions, international cooperation, and technology-driven solutions can ensure that India meets its 2030 and 2070 climate goals.
As the third-largest emitter globally, India’s climate actions will play a crucial role in determining the trajectory of global carbon emissions and sustainable development.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on India’s Climate Action and Commitments
1. What are India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)?
India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are its official climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (COP 21, 2015). These include:
- Non-fossil energy capacity: Increase to 50% of total installed capacity by 2030.
- Emission intensity reduction: Reduce carbon intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.
- Carbon sink enhancement: Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through forest and tree cover.
2. What are the updates to India’s NDCs?
India revised its NDCs in August 2022, increasing its commitments:
- Non-fossil fuel energy target increased from 40% to 50% by 2030.
- Emission intensity reduction target increased from 33-35% to 45% by 2030.
- The carbon sink enhancement target remains unchanged.
3. What is Panchamrit, and why is it significant?
Panchamrit refers to India’s five key climate commitments announced at COP 26 (Glasgow, 2021):
- 500 GW non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.
- 50% of energy demand from renewables by 2030.
- Reduce carbon emissions by one billion tonnes by 2030.
- Reduce carbon intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.
- Achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070.
These commitments are crucial for India’s clean energy transition and emissions reduction strategy.
4. What does Net Zero by 2070 mean for India?
Net Zero means that India will balance the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted with an equivalent amount removed from the atmosphere.
- India will continue using some fossil fuels, but emissions will be offset by carbon capture, afforestation, and renewable energy expansion.
- Developed nations have Net Zero targets by 2050, but India has set 2070 as its target to ensure a just transition without harming economic growth.
5. Has India already achieved some of its climate targets?
Yes, India has made significant progress:
- Achieved 40% non-fossil fuel capacity target ahead of schedule, leading to the revised 50% goal.
- Already reduced carbon intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels, which led to the updated 45% target.
- Expanded solar and wind energy, becoming one of the largest renewable energy markets.
6. How does India plan to meet its renewable energy targets?
India aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030 by:
- Expanding solar and wind power through initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
- Implementing the One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) initiative to connect transnational solar energy grids.
- Promoting green hydrogen and battery storage solutions for energy security.
7. What is India’s strategy for reducing carbon emissions?
India is focusing on reducing emissions intensity rather than total emissions. Strategies include:
- Decarbonizing industries by transitioning to green hydrogen and clean technologies.
- Expanding electric vehicle adoption and energy efficiency in manufacturing.
- Encouraging afforestation and sustainable land-use policies to act as carbon sinks.
8. What is India’s position on fossil fuel phase-down?
- India supports the phase-down of coal but opposes a complete fossil fuel phase-out.
- At COP 27 (Sharm-el-Sheikh, 2022), India called for phasing down all fossil fuels (not just coal), but this was not approved.
- India argues that developed nations must take the lead in phasing out fossil fuels, given their higher historical emissions.
9. What is India doing to enhance its carbon sink?
- India aims to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by expanding forests and tree cover.
- Initiatives include:
- National Afforestation Programme (NAP).
- Green India Mission.
- Urban forestry projects and agroforestry promotion.
10. How does India balance climate action with economic growth?
- India does not have sector-specific emissions reduction targets, allowing flexibility in climate policies.
- The focus is on reducing emission intensity while sustaining economic development.
- India promotes renewable energy, efficiency improvements, and climate-resilient infrastructure to maintain growth while cutting emissions.
11. How is India addressing climate finance needs?
- India estimates it will require ~$10 trillion to meet its Net Zero target.
- India is pushing for climate finance commitments from developed nations under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) framework.
- India is attracting foreign investments and green bonds to fund renewable energy and clean technology projects.
12. What are India’s key international climate initiatives?
| Initiative | Objective |
|---|---|
| International Solar Alliance (ISA) | Mobilize $1 trillion for solar energy expansion and deploy 1,000 GW of solar capacity by 2030. |
| One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) | Establish a global interconnected solar energy grid for clean power exchange. |
| Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) | Promote sustainable lifestyle choices and reduced consumption to cut emissions. |
| Global Biofuel Alliance | Advance biofuel adoption for clean energy and transportation. |
13. What challenges does India face in meeting its climate goals?
1. Energy Transition Challenges
- Coal still dominates India’s electricity production (~55%).
- Transition to renewables requires significant grid modernization and battery storage capacity.
2. Climate Finance Gaps
- Developed countries have failed to meet their $100 billion annual climate finance commitment.
- Green investments need to increase for infrastructure expansion.
3. Just Transition Concerns
- Millions of workers depend on coal mining and fossil fuel industries.
- India needs a structured transition strategy for affected communities.
4. Global Climate Policy Disparities
- Developed countries promote natural gas as a “transitional fuel,” while restricting coal use for developing nations.
- India argues that climate policies should be fair and inclusive, considering historical emissions.
14. What role does India play in global climate negotiations?
- India advocates for Climate Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR).
- Supports developing nations in securing climate finance and technology transfer.
- Plays a leadership role in renewable energy initiatives and South-South cooperation.
15. What to expect from India at COP 29 (2024)?
- Finalization of the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance.
- Push for just energy transitions and fair treatment of coal-dependent economies.
- Emphasis on renewable energy expansion and green hydrogen strategies.
- Stronger global commitments for adaptation finance and loss & damage funding.
