With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?

1. A. The Revolt of 1857
2. B. The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
3. C. The Indigo Revolt of 1859 – 60
4. D. Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900

Answer: D

Explanation

Munda Rebellion is one of the prominent 19th century tribal rebellions in the subcontinent. Birsa Munda led this movement in the region south of Ranchi in 1899-1900. the ulgulan, meaning ‘Great Tumult’, sought to establish Munda Raj and independence. The Mundas traditionally enjoyed a preferential rent rate as the khuntkattidar or the original clearer of the forest. But in course of the 19th century they had seen this khuntkatti land system being eroded by the jagirdars and thikadars coming as merchants and moneylenders. The government attempted to redress the grievances of the Mundas through the survey and settlement operations of 1902-10. The Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908 provided some recognition to their khuntkatti rights and banned beth begari. Chhotanagpur tribals won a degree of legal protection for their land rights.