Consider the following fruits : I. Papaya II. Pineapple III. Guava How many of the above were introduced in India by the Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

1. A. Only one
2. B. Only two
3. C. All the three
4. D. None

Answer: C

Explanation

The Portuguese played a significant role in the Columbian Exchange, introducing several ‘New World’ crops and fruits to India during the 16th and 17th centuries. I. Papaya: Originating from Central America, papaya was introduced to India by the Portuguese. II. Pineapple: Native to South America, pineapple was brought to India by the Portuguese, becoming a popular fruit. III. Guava: Also originating from Central and South America, guava was introduced to India by the Portuguese traders. These fruits, along with others like maize, chili, and potato, became integral to Indian agriculture and cuisine over time. Therefore, all three fruits listed were introduced to India by the Portuguese. Understanding the impact of European arrivals on Indian society, economy, and agriculture is important for UPSC Modern History.