April 24, 2025 6:31 am
Here are the Daily Current Affairs- 21st November 2024
1. Looking Forward to De-escalation, Focus on Cooperation: Rajnath to China Counterpart
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: International Relations
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS2 (IR)
Why in News?:
- India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh emphasized de-escalation along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and enhancing bilateral cooperation in discussions with China’s Defence Minister.
- Source: Indian Express
About India-China Relations:
- Definition/Description:
- India and China share a complex relationship characterized by trade partnerships, border disputes, and strategic competition.
- Background :
- Border Disputes: The 2020 Galwan clash marked a severe setback in relations, prompting disengagement talks.
- Strategic Issues: India’s opposition to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and concerns over China’s increasing influence in South Asia.
- Trade Relations: Despite tensions, bilateral trade has exceeded $100 billion, with a significant trade deficit in China’s favor.
- Key Aspects of the Recent Meeting:
- De-escalation at LAC: Continued focus on disengagement to restore peace and prevent skirmishes.
- Bilateral Cooperation: Exploring collaboration in multilateral platforms like BRICS and G-20.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Trust deficit due to repeated border incursions.
- Lack of progress in resolving territorial disputes in Eastern Ladakh.
- Future Prospects:
- Restoration of confidence-building measures.
- Expanding trade ties while managing geopolitical differences.
2. Interests of Some Getting Prioritized, Say Developing Nations, Draw ‘Super Red Line’
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Environment
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS3 (Environment)
Why in News?:
- Developing nations at COP29 raised concerns about climate justice, emphasizing that the interests of developed countries often take precedence.
- Source: Indian Express
About the ‘Super Red Line’ in Climate Negotiations:
- Definition/Description:
- Developing nations demand fair allocation of climate finance and technology transfer as a prerequisite for climate action, marking this as a “super red line.”
- Background :
- The Paris Agreement mandates developed countries to provide $100 billion annually for climate action in developing nations. However, this target remains unmet.
- Disparity in historical emissions, with developed nations contributing the most to global warming, but expecting equal commitments from all.
- Key Aspects:
- Climate Finance: Developing nations insist on binding commitments for financial assistance.
- Technology Transfer: Access to green technologies for renewable energy and adaptation measures.
- Loss and Damage Fund: Compensation for countries most affected by climate-induced disasters.
- Global Context:
- Sharp divide between Global North and Global South on accountability and responsibilities.
- The EU’s CBAM and its implications for developing economies add to the tension.
- Future Prospects:
- Greater focus on multilateral consensus to address equity and justice in climate policies.
- Strengthening South-South cooperation for resource-sharing and capacity-building.
3. IN-SPACe Looking at Private Players in Ground Segments
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Science and Technology
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS3 (Science and Technology)
Why in News?:
- The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) is encouraging private players to participate in ground segment activities, boosting India’s space ecosystem.
- Source: Indian Express
About IN-SPACe and Private Participation in Space:
- Definition/Description:
- IN-SPACe is a regulatory and promotional body established to facilitate private sector participation in India’s space activities.
- Background :
- India’s space program was traditionally dominated by ISRO.
- Recent policy changes like the Spacecom Policy 2020 aim to expand private sector involvement.
- Key Aspects:
- Ground Segment Activities: Include satellite operations, data analysis, and the development of ground infrastructure.
- Collaboration Opportunities: Public-private partnerships for satellite launches, space exploration, and data monetization.
- Current Challenges:
- Limited private sector expertise in space technologies.
- High costs and regulatory hurdles for startups.
- Future Prospects:
- Enhanced global competitiveness of India’s space sector.
- Development of cutting-edge technologies and job creation.
4. India and Australia Agree on Tie-Up in Clean Energy, Push for Trade Pact
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: International Relations
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS2 (IR)
Why in News?:
- India and Australia are strengthening their strategic partnership through clean energy collaborations and progress on a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA).
- Source: Indian Express
About India-Australia Collaboration:
- Definition/Description:
- CECA aims to expand trade, investment, and cooperation in sectors like clean energy and technology.
- Background :
- India and Australia are Quad partners, sharing common interests in the Indo-Pacific.
- Recent agreements include critical minerals supply chains and renewable energy initiatives.
- Key Aspects:
- Clean Energy Focus: Joint projects on hydrogen, solar energy, and battery storage.
- Economic Integration: CECA seeks to eliminate tariffs and boost bilateral trade.
- Future Prospects:
- Increased trade volumes and enhanced strategic trust.
- Collaboration on global issues like climate change and regional security.
Source: Indian Express
5. Modi First Indian PM to Visit Guyana in 56 Years, Signs 10 Pacts to Expand Ties
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: International Relations
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS2 (IR)
Why in News?:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s historic visit to Guyana is the first by an Indian PM in 56 years. India and Guyana signed 10 agreements covering various areas of cooperation to strengthen bilateral ties.
- Source: Indian Express
About India-Guyana Relations:
- Definition/Description:
- Guyana is a South American nation with significant Indian diaspora roots. Nearly 40% of its population traces ancestry to Indian indentured laborers brought during colonial times. This shared cultural heritage forms a unique bond between the two nations.
- Background:
- Historical Relations:
- Diplomatic ties were established in 1966, the year Guyana gained independence.
- Relations have traditionally focused on cultural and people-to-people exchanges, with India supporting capacity-building initiatives in Guyana.
- Economic Engagement:
- Guyana’s discovery of significant oil reserves has transformed its economy, presenting opportunities for bilateral trade and investment.
- India, as a growing energy consumer, sees Guyana as a potential partner in its energy security strategy.
- Diaspora Connect:
- Cultural ties through Indian-origin festivals like Phagwah (Holi) and Diwali.
- Vibrant contributions of the Indian diaspora in politics and economics in Guyana.
- Historical Relations:
Key Aspects of the Visit:
- Bilateral Agreements:
- Cooperation in renewable energy, health, technology, and infrastructure development.
- Agreements to expand agricultural trade, particularly rice and sugar exports.
- Focus Areas:
- Energy Cooperation: India to explore Guyana’s emerging oil and gas sector for joint ventures.
- Development Aid: India pledged support for Guyana’s infrastructural projects, including skill development centers.
- Cultural and Educational Exchanges:
- Scholarships under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program.
- Proposal for an Indian Cultural Center in Guyana to promote heritage and arts.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Economic Dependency: Guyana’s reliance on oil may pose challenges for economic diversification.
- Geopolitical Concerns: Growing Chinese influence in South America and Guyana’s alignment with China for infrastructure projects require India to maintain strategic partnerships.
Global or Indian Context:
- South-South Cooperation: India’s outreach to Guyana aligns with its strategy of fostering ties with Global South nations.
- Energy Diplomacy: Access to Guyana’s oil reserves complements India’s renewable energy transition and enhances its energy security.
Future Prospects:
- Expanding economic ties through energy and agriculture collaborations.
- Deepening strategic engagement to counterbalance geopolitical competitors like China.
- Leveraging cultural ties to strengthen bilateral relations and people-to-people connect.
Source: Indian Express
6. How Can Urbanisation Boost Skills and Create Employment?
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Economy
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS3 (Economy)
Why in News?:
- Urbanization in India is being recognized as a potential driver for skill development and employment generation, particularly in the context of rapid migration to cities.
- Source: Indian Express
About Urbanisation and Employment:
- Definition/Description:
- Urbanization is the process of increasing population concentration in urban areas, driven by industrialization, better infrastructure, and economic opportunities.
- Background:
- Current Trends:
- Nearly 35% of India’s population resides in urban areas, projected to reach 40% by 2030.
- Urban centers contribute 60% to the country’s GDP, highlighting their role in economic growth.
- Government Initiatives:
- Smart Cities Mission: Enhances urban infrastructure and promotes innovation hubs.
- PM Gati Shakti: Focuses on integrated urban transport systems for economic efficiency.
- Current Trends:
Key Aspects:
- Skill Development:
- Urban areas host vocational training centers and higher education institutions.
- Industry-academia collaborations enhance employability through skill-based programs.
- Employment Creation:
- Growth in construction, IT, and service industries drives job creation.
- Informal sectors, such as street vending and domestic services, provide significant employment to rural migrants.
- Urban Infrastructure:
- Robust public transport systems and housing initiatives directly generate employment.
- Improved living standards create demand for skilled services like healthcare and education.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Urban Unemployment: Skill mismatch due to lack of alignment between education and industry requirements.
- Infrastructure Deficiency: Inadequate housing and public utilities create barriers for rural migrants.
- Environmental Impact: Rapid urbanization increases pollution and strains natural resources.
Global or Indian Context:
- Global Practices:
- Cities like Singapore and Seoul have leveraged urbanization for economic growth through integrated policies.
- Lessons can be drawn for skill-centric urban planning.
- Indian Context:
- Urbanization serves as a means to reduce rural poverty by diversifying income opportunities.
Future Prospects:
- Developing skill hubs in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities to reduce migration to metros.
- Aligning urban planning with green technology to create sustainable cities.
- Expanding digital infrastructure to enable remote working and skill training.
Source: Indian Express
7. Indoor Air Quality and Purification
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Environment
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS3 (Environment)
Why in News?:
- Growing urbanization and rising levels of pollution have increased the focus on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and purification methods. Poor IAQ has been linked to serious health concerns, especially in heavily polluted urban areas.
- Source: Indian Express
About Indoor Air Quality and Purification:
Definition/Description:
- Indoor Air Quality refers to the quality of air inside buildings, homes, and enclosed spaces. It has a direct impact on health, comfort, and overall productivity.
- Poor IAQ arises from pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and biological contaminants such as mold and bacteria.
Background:
- IAQ became a global concern in the 1970s during the oil crisis, which led to the design of energy-efficient but less ventilated buildings, worsening indoor air pollution.
- India, with its rapid urbanization, has seen an increase in respiratory issues due to poor IAQ in cities like Delhi and Kolkata.
- Poor IAQ exacerbates cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
- World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines indicate that air pollution contributes to nearly 7 million deaths globally every year, with a significant percentage due to poor indoor air.
Key Aspects:
- Sources of Indoor Air Pollution:
- Biological pollutants: Dust mites, mold, and pet dander.
- Chemical pollutants: VOCs from paints, cleaning agents, and industrial emissions.
- Outdoor sources: Polluted air entering indoors via ventilation systems.
- Cooking emissions: Use of biomass fuels for cooking in rural and semi-urban households.
- Health Impacts:
- Short-term effects: Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat; headaches; dizziness.
- Long-term effects: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular issues, and even cancer.
- Purification Methods:
- Mechanical air purifiers equipped with HEPA filters.
- Activated carbon filters effective against chemical pollutants and odors.
- UV light systems for killing bacteria and viruses.
- Use of houseplants like Areca Palm, Aloe Vera, and Snake Plant to absorb pollutants.
Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Global Standards:
- WHO’s IAQ guidelines provide benchmarks for acceptable levels of indoor pollutants.
- Indian Regulations:
- The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) addresses air quality but primarily focuses on outdoor pollution.
- There is no dedicated regulatory framework for IAQ in India yet.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Lack of awareness: Many households and workplaces are unaware of IAQ standards and their health impacts.
- Cost of purification systems: Advanced air purifiers remain unaffordable for low-income households.
- Inadequate policies: Absence of specific laws or guidelines for indoor air pollution management.
- Dependence on outdoor air quality: Poor outdoor air significantly impacts IAQ, especially in polluted cities.
Global or Indian Context:
- Global Practices:
- Countries like Japan and Singapore have implemented IAQ standards for public and private buildings.
- The EU has incorporated IAQ management into its green building certifications.
- Indian Scenario:
- Cities like Delhi and Gurugram experience severe AQI (Air Quality Index) levels, leading to worsened IAQ during winters.
- Indoor air pollution from biomass use is prevalent in rural India, causing respiratory issues among women and children.
Future Prospects:
- Policy Implementation:
- Formulation of IAQ-specific standards under environmental health policies.
- Inclusion of IAQ monitoring in the Smart Cities Mission.
- Affordable Technology Development:
- Promotion of indigenous and cost-effective air purifiers.
- Encouraging R&D in natural purification methods like eco-friendly ventilation systems.
8. India’s Undertrial Prisoners: Addressing Judicial Delays and Overcrowded Prisons
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Governance
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS2 (Governance)
Why in News?:
- A recent report highlights that over 70% of Indian prison inmates are undertrial prisoners, raising concerns about overcrowded jails, judicial delays, and human rights issues.
- Source: Indian Express
About Undertrial Prisoners in India:
Definition/Description:
- Undertrial prisoners are individuals detained in custody while awaiting trial or sentencing. They represent a systemic challenge in India’s criminal justice system, often spending years in jail without a verdict.
Background:
- Historical Context:
- India’s prison population has consistently shown a high percentage of undertrials.
- The Supreme Court has frequently emphasized the need for speedy trials and alternative measures like bail to address this issue.
- Statistics:
- According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), undertrials constitute approximately 70% of India’s total prison population.
- Many undertrials belong to marginalized communities, reflecting socio-economic disparities in accessing legal resources.
Key Aspects:
- Judicial Delays:
- Overburdened courts with a backlog of 4.4 crore cases.
- Shortage of judges and judicial infrastructure.
- Prison Overcrowding:
- Occupancy rates in prisons exceed 130%, leading to poor living conditions and lack of basic amenities.
- Access to Legal Aid:
- A significant number of undertrials are unaware of their legal rights and the availability of free legal aid.
- Social and Economic Impact:
- Prolonged detention disrupts family structures and employment opportunities.
Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Constitutional Safeguards:
- Article 21 ensures the right to life and personal liberty, which includes the right to a speedy trial.
- Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC):
- Section 436A mandates the release of undertrials who have served half the maximum sentence for their alleged offense.
- Legal Aid Services:
- The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) provides free legal aid to underprivileged individuals.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Inadequate implementation of Section 436A of the CrPC.
- Overburdened legal aid systems and lack of awareness about their availability.
- Socio-economic barriers that disproportionately affect marginalized communities.
Global or Indian Context:
- Global Practices:
- Countries like the UK and US emphasize alternatives to pre-trial detention, such as electronic monitoring and bail programs.
- Indian Scenario:
- Efforts like Lok Adalats and fast-track courts have shown promise but lack widespread implementation.
Future Prospects:
- Judicial Reforms:
- Increasing the number of judges and setting up additional fast-track courts to expedite trials.
- Technological Integration:
- Use of video conferencing for hearings to reduce logistical delays.
- Policy Focus:
- Implementing community-based rehabilitation programs and alternatives to custodial detention.
9. Saint Francis Xavier: Legacy and Global Influence
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: History and Culture
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS1 (History and Culture)
Why in News?:
- The decennial exposition of Saint Francis Xavier’s relics is scheduled to begin on November 21, 2024, in Goa. This 45-day event is expected to attract millions of pilgrims and tourists globally.
- Source: Indian Express
About Saint Francis Xavier:
Definition/Description:
- Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) was a Spanish Catholic missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He played a pivotal role in spreading Christianity in Asia, particularly India and Japan.
Background:
- Early Life:
- Born on April 7, 1506, in Navarre, Spain, he pursued theology in Paris and co-founded the Jesuits with Ignatius of Loyola.
- Missionary Work:
- India: Arrived in Goa in 1542 and worked extensively to convert local communities, including the Paravas of Tamil Nadu.
- Japan: Became the first missionary to enter Japan in 1549, adapting Christian teachings to local traditions.
- Other Regions: Conducted missions in Malacca (modern Malaysia) and the Moluccas (Indonesia).
- Death:
- Passed away on December 3, 1552, on Sancian Island near China, while attempting to gain entry into the mainland.
Key Aspects:
- Evangelization Techniques:
- Learned local languages to communicate effectively.
- Adapted Christian practices to align with regional customs.
- Educational Contributions:
- Established schools and seminaries for training local clergy and promoting education.
- Cultural Integration:
- Incorporated elements of local traditions to facilitate acceptance of Christianity.
Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Canonization: Declared a saint by Pope Gregory XV in 1622.
- Feast Day: Celebrated annually on December 3.
- Relics: Preserved in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Preservation of Relics:
- Environmental and human-induced factors threaten the integrity of his remains.
- Cultural Sensitivities:
- Historical debates on the impact of missionary activities on indigenous cultures.
Global or Indian Context:
- Global Influence:
- Widely regarded as the patron saint of missionaries, inspiring Christian missionary work worldwide.
- Indian Legacy:
- Revered in Goa as ‘Goencho Saib’ (Lord of Goa), his influence is integral to the region’s religious and cultural identity.
Future Prospects:
- Heritage Conservation:
- Advanced techniques for relic preservation and site management.
- Promoting Interfaith Dialogue:
- Leveraging his legacy for cultural and religious harmony.
- Tourism Development:
- Enhancing Goa’s infrastructure to accommodate pilgrims during expositions, boosting local economies.
Source: Indian Express
10. UDAN: Aam Nagrik Soaring to Greater Heights
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Economy
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS3 (Economy)
Why in News?:
- The UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) scheme has achieved new milestones by operationalizing its 500th route, enhancing regional connectivity across India.
- Source: PIB
About UDAN Scheme:
Definition/Description:
- UDAN is a flagship regional air connectivity scheme launched in 2016 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation to make air travel affordable and widespread while fostering balanced regional growth.
Background:
- Genesis of the Scheme:
- Conceptualized to reduce the cost of air travel for underserved and unserved regions.
- Envisioned under the National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016 to boost air infrastructure and tourism.
- Objectives:
- Enhance regional connectivity to smaller cities.
- Develop infrastructure at underserved airports.
- Make flying accessible to the common citizen.
Key Aspects:
- Operational Mechanism:
- Viability Gap Funding (VGF): Airlines are provided financial support to operate routes that are economically unviable but socially important.
- Fixed airfare caps: Ensures affordable tickets on UDAN routes.
- Achievements:
- 500+ operational routes connecting over 70 regional airports.
- Initiation of helicopter and seaplane services under the scheme.
- Impact:
- Boosted local economies by promoting trade, tourism, and employment.
- Improved accessibility in Northeast India and hilly states.
Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Guidelines: Governed under the NCAP 2016, implemented by the Airports Authority of India (AAI).
- Funding Mechanism: Joint contributions from the Union Government and state governments.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Operational Issues:
- High operational costs due to limited passenger demand on some routes.
- Infrastructure Gaps:
- Inadequate airport facilities in remote areas.
- Sustainability Concerns:
- Dependence on VGF for financial viability.
Global or Indian Context:
- Global Practices:
- Inspired by similar regional aviation schemes in countries like the US and Canada.
- Indian Scenario:
- UDAN bridges the urban-rural connectivity gap and aligns with the “Make in India” initiative by promoting aviation manufacturing.
Future Prospects:
- Expansion of Routes:
- Introduction of new routes connecting remote regions, particularly in the Northeast and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
- Infrastructure Development:
- Strengthening airport facilities and modernizing regional hubs.
- Sustainability Focus:
- Reducing dependency on VGF by increasing passenger volumes and optimizing costs.
Source: PIB
11. Centre Committed to Efficient and Transparent Public Distribution System
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Economy
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS3 (Economy)
Why in News?
The government has reiterated its commitment to refining the Public Distribution System (PDS) by implementing technological advancements and policy reforms to ensure efficient and transparent distribution of food grains.
Source: Press Information Bureau (PIB)
About Public Distribution System (PDS):
- Definition/Description:
- The PDS is a government-run program designed to provide subsidized food grains and essential commodities to eligible beneficiaries, especially economically weaker sections.
- Operates via a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) and overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.
- Background:
- Initiated during World War II to address food scarcity.
- Became a universal scheme post-Independence but later targeted the poor through the 1997 Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
- Legalized under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, ensuring subsidized food to approximately 67% of India’s population.
- Key Aspects:
- Components:
- Procurement by the Food Corporation of India (FCI).
- Distribution via FPS to eligible households.
- Beneficiaries:
- Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households.
- Priority Households (PHH) under NFSA.
- Technological Interventions:
- End-to-end computerization for real-time tracking.
- Aadhaar integration to curb duplication.
- E-Point of Sale (e-PoS) devices for transparent distribution.
- Components:
- Regulatory Framework:
- Essential Commodities Act, 1955: Provides the legal basis for regulating food supply.
- National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: Guarantees food security for vulnerable populations.
Current Challenges/Issues:
- Leakages and Diversion: Siphoning of grains before they reach intended beneficiaries.
- Exclusion Errors: Exclusion of eligible beneficiaries while some ineligible individuals continue to receive benefits.
- Infrastructure Limitations: Inadequate storage and transport systems lead to spoilage and inefficiencies.
- Connectivity Barriers: Technological challenges in rural and remote areas hinder the adoption of e-PoS devices.
- Corruption: Malpractices in the supply chain impact delivery and transparency.
Global or Indian Context:
- Indian Context:
- The PDS is central to combating hunger and ensuring food security in India.
- Reforms such as “One Nation, One Ration Card” (ONORC) enhance portability for migrant workers.
- State-level innovations like Andhra Pradesh’s Aadhaar-enabled PDS and Kerala’s digital grievance portals improve efficiency.
- Global Context:
- Brazil’s Zero Hunger Program and China’s Grain-for-Green model offer insights into sustainable and inclusive food distribution systems.
Future Prospects:
- Digitalization and AI: Leveraging technology for real-time monitoring and decision-making.
- Infrastructure Upgrades: Enhanced storage and supply chain logistics to reduce wastage.
- Portability Expansion: Scaling ONORC to cover all beneficiaries uniformly.
- Grievance Redressal Systems: Strengthening complaint mechanisms to build trust and transparency.
Source: Press Information Bureau (PIB)
12. D’Cunha Committee Report on COVID-19 Management in Karnataka
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Health and Governance
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS II (Governance, Transparency & Accountability)
Why in News?:
The D’Cunha Committee, led by retired High Court judge John Michael D’Cunha, submitted an interim report highlighting significant irregularities in Karnataka’s COVID-19 management, including misappropriation of funds and procedural lapses.
About the D’Cunha Committee Report:
- Definition/Description:
- The D’Cunha Committee was established to investigate alleged irregularities in Karnataka’s COVID-19 management, focusing on procurement processes and fund utilization during the pandemic.
- Background:
- In response to allegations of corruption and mismanagement during the pandemic, the Karnataka government formed the committee to ensure accountability and transparency in handling public health emergencies.
- Key Aspects:
- Procurement Irregularities: The report identified misappropriation of funds amounting to hundreds of crores in the procurement of medical equipment and supplies.
- Missing Documentation: It highlighted the absence of crucial files and documents, impeding a comprehensive audit of the procurement processes.
- Overpricing: Instances were noted where equipment was purchased at inflated prices without proper tendering or adherence to procurement norms.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- The committee’s findings pertain to violations of the Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurement Act, 1999, which mandates transparent and competitive procurement processes.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Accountability: Ensuring that responsible officials and entities are held accountable for the misappropriations.
- Recovery of Funds: Implementing mechanisms to recover the misappropriated funds.
- Systemic Reforms: Addressing systemic issues in procurement processes to prevent future irregularities.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Similar issues of mismanagement and corruption in pandemic responses have been reported globally, underscoring the need for robust governance frameworks during health crises.
- Future Prospects:
- Policy Reforms: The report may lead to stricter procurement policies and enhanced transparency measures in public health management.
- Legal Actions: Potential legal proceedings against individuals and organizations involved in the irregularities.
- Strengthened Oversight: Establishment of dedicated oversight bodies to monitor emergency procurement and fund utilization.
Source:
13. The Long Fight for Accessibility and Dignity in Indian Prisons
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Governance and Social Justice
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice)
Why in News?:
The Supreme Court of India recently declared that caste-based discrimination and segregation of work in prisons are unconstitutional, marking a significant step toward ensuring dignity and equality for inmates.
About Accessibility and Dignity in Indian Prisons:
- Definition/Description:
- Ensuring accessibility and dignity in prisons involves providing humane conditions, eliminating discriminatory practices, and upholding the fundamental rights of inmates, including those with disabilities and from marginalized communities.
- Background:
- Historically, Indian prisons have faced criticism for overcrowding, inadequate facilities, and discriminatory practices, particularly against lower-caste inmates.
- The Supreme Court’s recent judgment addresses these longstanding issues by mandating the revision of prison manuals to eliminate caste-based segregation and labor assignments. The Hindu
- Key Aspects:
- Caste-Based Discrimination: The court identified provisions in prison manuals of several states that perpetuated caste-based labor divisions, violating constitutional rights.
- Prison Reforms: The judgment calls for comprehensive reforms to ensure that prison practices align with constitutional mandates of equality and non-discrimination.
- Rights of Disabled Inmates: The court emphasized that accessibility for disabled persons is a fundamental right, necessitating appropriate facilities and support within prisons. The Hindu
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Constitutional Provisions: Articles 14 (Right to Equality), 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination), and 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) form the basis for the court’s directives.
- Prison Manuals: State-specific prison manuals are being scrutinized and revised to eliminate discriminatory provisions.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Implementation: Ensuring that the Supreme Court’s directives are effectively implemented across all states.
- Resource Constraints: Addressing infrastructural and resource limitations to improve prison conditions.
- Monitoring and Accountability: Establishing mechanisms to monitor compliance and hold authorities accountable for violations.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Standards: The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules) advocate for humane treatment and non-discrimination in prisons.
- Indian Scenario: India’s prison system has been under scrutiny for human rights violations, with the recent judgment serving as a pivotal move toward reform.
- Future Prospects:
- Policy Reforms: Anticipated amendments to prison manuals and policies to align with constitutional values.
- Training and Sensitization: Initiatives to train prison staff on human rights and non-discriminatory practices.
- Enhanced Oversight: Strengthening oversight bodies to ensure adherence to reformed practices and safeguard inmates’ rights.
Source:
14. Clearing the Air on Delhi’s Pollution Crisis
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Environment
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS III (Environment and Ecology)
Why in News?:
Delhi has been engulfed in a toxic smog due to a combination of winter stubble burning by farmers and emissions from cars, factories, and power plants. The Air Quality Index (AQI) has surpassed critical levels, reaching as high as 1,743 in areas, well above the “severe” threshold of 400.
About Delhi’s Pollution Crisis:
- Definition/Description:
- Delhi’s pollution crisis refers to the severe deterioration of air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR), primarily during the winter months, leading to hazardous health conditions and environmental concerns.
- Background:
- Delhi has consistently ranked among the world’s most polluted cities. Factors contributing to this include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and seasonal agricultural practices like stubble burning in neighboring states.
- The onset of winter exacerbates the situation as cooler temperatures and stagnant air prevent the dispersion of pollutants, leading to the formation of dense smog.
- Key Aspects:
- Stubble Burning: Farmers in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh burn crop residues post-harvest, significantly contributing to particulate matter in the air.
- Vehicular Emissions: The high number of vehicles in Delhi emits substantial amounts of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
- Industrial Pollution: Factories and power plants in and around Delhi release pollutants, adding to the city’s poor air quality.
- Construction Dust: Ongoing construction activities generate dust, further degrading air quality.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): A set of emergency measures implemented in Delhi-NCR during the winter, with four stages of responses depending on the severity of air pollution. The Hindu
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): A government initiative aimed at reducing particulate matter pollution by 20-30% by 2024, with 2017 as the base year.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Enforcement: Despite existing regulations, enforcement remains weak, leading to continued violations.
- Coordination: Lack of coordination between central and state governments hampers effective implementation of pollution control measures.
- Public Awareness: Limited public awareness and participation in pollution mitigation efforts.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Health Impact: Air pollution in India contributes to over a million deaths annually, with Delhi being a significant contributor.
- Economic Cost: The economic burden due to health issues and loss of productivity is substantial.
- Comparative Analysis: Other global cities have implemented successful measures like congestion pricing and strict emission norms, which could serve as models for Delhi.
- Future Prospects:
- Policy Reforms: Strengthening and enforcing existing regulations, along with introducing new policies targeting specific pollution sources.
- Technological Interventions: Adoption of cleaner technologies in industries and promotion of electric vehicles.
- Public Participation: Engaging citizens through awareness campaigns and encouraging behavioral changes to reduce pollution.
- Regional Cooperation: Collaborating with neighboring states to address transboundary pollution issues like stubble burning.
Source:
15. Should Packaged Food Content Be Labeled?
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Governance and Public Health
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS II (Governance, Social Justice)
Why in News?:
- Recent discussions have emerged regarding the importance of front-of-pack labeling (FOPL) on food products to address public health concerns, especially the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) linked to unhealthy diets.
About Packaged Food Labeling:
- Definition/Description:
- Packaged food labeling refers to the practice of providing nutritional information and warnings on food packaging to inform consumers about the health implications of the product.
- Background:
- The concept of labeling food products gained momentum globally with the rise of obesity, diabetes, and heart-related ailments.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates clear labeling to enable informed choices and promote healthier eating habits.
- Key Aspects:
- Front-of-Pack Labeling (FOPL): Displays essential nutritional details such as calories, sugar, fat, and salt content prominently on the front of food packages.
- Health Warnings: Labels that indicate high levels of sugar, sodium, or saturated fats in products deemed harmful to health.
- Global Practices: Countries like Chile, Mexico, and Brazil have implemented mandatory FOPL systems, significantly reducing the consumption of unhealthy foods.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI): The FSSAI is responsible for framing regulations on food labeling in India. Draft regulations propose mandatory labeling for high-fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) foods.
- Codex Alimentarius: A collection of international food standards, guidelines, and practices adopted by the WHO and FAO.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Consumer Awareness: Many consumers lack the knowledge to interpret nutritional information.
- Industry Resistance: Food manufacturers often resist stringent labeling norms due to potential impacts on sales.
- Implementation: Effective monitoring and enforcement of labeling regulations remain challenging.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Initiatives: Nations like the UK and Australia have introduced traffic-light labeling systems, making it easier for consumers to identify healthier options.
- Indian Scenario: India faces a growing NCD burden, making it imperative to adopt robust labeling practices to address dietary risks.
- Future Prospects:
- Policy Reforms: Strengthening food labeling regulations to include clear and mandatory FOPL.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating consumers about the importance of understanding food labels.
- Research and Innovation: Encouraging the development of healthier food alternatives to reduce reliance on HFSS foods.
Source: The Hindu
16. How Does PM Vidyalaxmi Differ from Other Schemes?
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Governance and Financial Inclusion
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS II (Governance, Social Justice)
Why in News?:
- The PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme has garnered attention for its unique features aimed at simplifying and streamlining access to education loans for students in India.
About PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme:
- Definition/Description:
- PM Vidyalaxmi is an education loan scheme that integrates multiple loan offerings under a single platform, ensuring ease of access and transparency for students seeking financial assistance for higher education.
- Background:
- Introduced as part of the Digital India initiative, the scheme aligns with the government’s vision of promoting equitable access to quality education.
- It addresses challenges in the traditional education loan system, including lack of transparency and complex procedures.
- Key Aspects:
- Single Window Portal: A unified platform offering detailed information about various education loan schemes and application processes.
- Loan Monitoring: Enables students to track the status of their loan applications in real time.
- Integrated Scholarships: Provides information about scholarships and grants that students may avail along with loans.
- Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Ensures that students have access to a system to resolve any issues related to their loans.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Ministry of Education: Oversees the implementation of the scheme.
- RBI Guidelines: Loans under PM Vidyalaxmi adhere to Reserve Bank of India’s priority sector lending norms.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Awareness: Limited awareness among students about the scheme and its benefits.
- Digital Divide: Students from rural areas face challenges in accessing the digital platform.
- Bank Reluctance: Some banks are hesitant to offer loans under relaxed terms due to high default rates.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Practices: Countries like Germany and Australia provide education loans with minimal interest rates, serving as potential benchmarks.
- Indian Scenario: PM Vidyalaxmi complements other financial inclusion initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana by targeting students.
- Future Prospects:
- Increased Outreach: Expanding the scheme’s reach to rural and underprivileged communities.
- Policy Enhancements: Introducing further simplifications in loan procedures and repayment terms.
- Technological Upgrades: Leveraging AI to personalize recommendations for students based on their educational and financial backgrounds.
Source: The Hindu
17. Prime Minister Proposes Seven Key Pillars to Strengthen Ties Between India and CARICOM
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: International Relations
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS II (Bilateral Relations)
Why in News?:
- During a recent summit, the Prime Minister outlined seven strategic pillars aimed at enhancing India’s relations with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), focusing on economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation.
About India-CARICOM Relations:
- Definition/Description:
- CARICOM is a grouping of 15 Caribbean nations that work together on regional integration and collective action for economic and social development.
- Background:
- India’s engagement with CARICOM countries dates back to historical trade ties and a shared colonial past. The current push for deeper relations aligns with India’s broader South-South cooperation agenda.
- Key Aspects:
- Trade and Investment: Strengthening economic ties by promoting trade, particularly in IT, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy.
- Climate Action: Collaborating on climate resilience and disaster management in the Caribbean, a region highly vulnerable to natural disasters.
- Cultural Exchange: Enhancing people-to-people ties through diaspora engagement and cultural initiatives.
- Health Cooperation: Providing access to affordable medicines and healthcare technologies.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Bilateral agreements between India and individual CARICOM countries, supported by regional forums like the India-CARICOM Summit.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Logistics: Physical distance and limited direct connectivity hinder trade and cultural exchange.
- Economic Disparities: Differences in economic capacities between India and CARICOM nations.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Alliances: India’s engagement with CARICOM is part of its broader effort to strengthen ties with the Global South.
- Indian Context: Leveraging India’s expertise in renewable energy and disaster management for mutual benefit.
- Future Prospects:
- Institutional Mechanisms: Establishing joint task forces to operationalize the proposed pillars.
- Technology Transfer: Sharing low-cost, high-impact solutions for healthcare and disaster resilience.
- Strategic Partnerships: Positioning India as a reliable partner in the Caribbean’s development journey.
Source: The Hindu
18. Planetary Crisis Puts Children at Risk: UNICEF Report
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Social Issues and Environment
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS I (Social Issues) and GS III (Environment)
Why in News?:
- A UNICEF report highlights the disproportionate impact of climate change on children, calling for urgent global action to safeguard their futures.
About the UNICEF Report:
- Definition/Description:
- The report identifies children as the most vulnerable demographic to climate-related risks, including natural disasters, malnutrition, and health crises.
- Background:
- Climate change’s impacts on children were first systematically documented in UNICEF’s “The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis” report in 2021, laying the groundwork for the current findings.
- Key Aspects:
- Health Risks: Increased exposure to malnutrition, respiratory diseases, and waterborne illnesses.
- Displacement: Climate-induced migration disproportionately affects children, disrupting their education and social stability.
- Access to Resources: Decreasing availability of food, clean water, and shelter for children in vulnerable regions.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Paris Agreement: UNICEF calls for child-specific measures within global climate commitments.
- UNCRC (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child): Emphasizes the responsibility of states to protect children’s rights in the face of climate change.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Implementation Gaps: Insufficient integration of child-focused policies in climate action plans.
- Funding Constraints: Limited financial resources allocated for child-centric adaptation and mitigation efforts.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Context: Developing nations bear the brunt of climate impacts on children, with over 1 billion children globally at “extremely high risk.”
- Indian Context: India faces dual challenges of addressing climate risks and improving child health indices, especially in rural areas.
- Future Prospects:
- Policy Integration: Mainstreaming children’s welfare into national and global climate policies.
- Community Resilience Programs: Empowering communities to safeguard children against climate risks.
- Innovative Solutions: Leveraging technology to track and mitigate the impacts of climate change on children.
Source: The Hindu
19. Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT)
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Economy
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS III (Indian Economy)
Why in News?:
- Recent judicial interpretations have brought CENVAT provisions into focus, particularly concerning the taxation of specific goods.
About CENVAT:
- Definition/Description:
- CENVAT is an indirect tax levied on the manufacture or production of goods, allowing manufacturers to claim input tax credit for taxes paid on raw materials.
- Background:
- Introduced in 2000, CENVAT replaced the MODVAT system to simplify tax credits and reduce the cascading effect of taxes.
- Key Aspects:
- Input Tax Credit: Allows manufacturers to offset taxes paid on inputs against the output tax liability.
- Applicability: Applies to excisable goods and certain services linked to the production process.
- Relevance to GST: CENVAT was subsumed under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime in 2017.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Governed by the Central Excise Act, 1944, and relevant rules framed under the Act.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Legacy Disputes: Ongoing legal disputes regarding the applicability of CENVAT credits pre-GST.
- Tax Compliance: Ensuring compliance with legacy CENVAT provisions among manufacturers.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Context: Input tax credit systems like CENVAT exist in various forms across different tax jurisdictions.
- Indian Context: CENVAT credits play a critical role in reducing tax burdens for Indian manufacturers.
- Future Prospects:
- Resolution of Disputes: Expedited resolution of legacy tax disputes under CENVAT.
- Integration with GST Framework: Ensuring seamless transition and compliance for businesses.
Source: The Hindu
20. GM Crops Can Help Fight Hunger Depending on Farming Methods
Subject and UPSC Paper:
- Subject: Agriculture and Economy
- UPSC Mains Paper: GS III (Economy and Technology)
Why in News?:
- Recent studies suggest that genetically modified (GM) crops could address food security challenges if combined with sustainable farming methods.
About GM Crops:
- Definition/Description:
- GM crops are genetically altered plants with enhanced traits like pest resistance, higher yield, or drought tolerance.
- Background:
- The first GM crop was developed in the 1990s. In India, Bt Cotton remains the only GM crop commercially cultivated.
- Key Aspects:
- Food Security: Potential to increase crop yields and reduce dependency on chemical inputs.
- Environmental Concerns: Risk of biodiversity loss and unintended ecological impacts.
- Regulatory Issues: Controversies surrounding the approval of GM mustard and other crops in India.
- Regulatory or Legal Framework:
- Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): Governs the approval and monitoring of GM crops in India.
- Biosafety Laws: Address potential risks associated with GM crop cultivation.
- Current Challenges/Issues:
- Public Perception: Mistrust and opposition from environmental activists.
- Scientific Uncertainty: Incomplete studies on long-term impacts of GM crops.
- Policy Gaps: Need for a comprehensive national policy on GM technology.
- Global or Indian Context:
- Global Context: GM crops are widely adopted in countries like the USA, Brazil, and Argentina.
- Indian Context: GM crops remain a contentious issue due to their potential impact on small-scale farmers.
- Future Prospects:
- Research and Development: Focusing on GM crops tailored for Indian conditions.
- Policy Frameworks: Balancing innovation with safety and sustainability.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating stakeholders about the benefits and risks of GM technology.
Source: The Hindu
