Geographical Extent of India Latitude and Longitude Quick Short Notes Category Details Continent Asia Region South Asia and Southeast Asia (Indian subcontinent) Coordinates 21°N 78°E Area Total Area: 3,287,263 km² (1,269,219 sq mi), ranked 7th in the world Land Area:…
Archaeological Sources are crucial for understanding the history and culture of ancient civilizations. These sources include artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, pottery, coins, tools, and rock art. Archaeology is the study of our human past through material remains. It provides insight into…
What is Climatology? Climatology is the scientific study of the Earth’s climate, encompassing various atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind patterns, and precipitation. While closely related to meteorology, which focuses on short-term weather events, climatology examines long-term…
The Paris Agreement is a landmark international treaty adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The agreement was signed on December 12, 2015, in Paris, France, and entered…
The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most significant international agreements aimed at combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Adopted on December 11, 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, the protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005, after meeting…
Table of Contents The Köppen Climate Classification is one of the most widely used systems to categorize the world’s climates. Developed by the German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 and refined throughout his career, this system classifies climates based on…
1. The Hindu: “All Eyes on Baku and the Climate Finance Goal” 2. The Hindu: “India, Pakistan, and Modifying the Indus Waters Treaty”
LITHOSPHERIC PLATES / PLATE BOUNDARIES / PLATE TECTONICS Types of Plate Boundaries Comparison: Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading, and Plate Tectonics Comparison Table: Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading, and Plate Tectonics Aspect Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Tectonics Proposed…
Introduction: EU’s Governance Structure: EU’s Indo-Pacific Strategy: India-EU Relations History: Areas of Cooperation: Concerns: Broad-Based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) Way Forward:
Introduction Objectives of NATO Relevance of NATO in Contemporary Times NATO Expansion and Russia Impact of NATO Expansion on Russia Issues with NATO NATO Current Affairs: November 2024 Overview 1. North Korea’s Troop Deployment to Russia 2. NATO’s Stance on…
Introduction: Structure: Importance of the Commonwealth: India and the Commonwealth: Significance for India: Issues: Way Forward: Conclusion: Current Affairs for Commonwealth Nations Diplomatic Relations: India-Canada Tensions 2. Defense and Security: Inauguration of India’s First Private Military Aircraft Facility 3. Economy:…
Introduction: Organisational Structure: Objectives of the G20: India and G20: G20 Logo and Theme: Various Groups under G20 India Presidency: India’s G20 Priorities: Current Global Challenges: Significance of India’s G20 Presidency: Challenges: G20 Current Affairs The Group of Twenty (G20)…
Introduction: Guiding Principles of the QUAD Group: Significance for India: Challenges: Way Forward:
Introduction: Structure: Facts: Relevance of SCO for India: Challenges: BRICS Introduction: Key Facts: Objectives: Three Pillars of Cooperation: Significance of BRICS: Importance of BRICS for India: Challenges: Way Forward:
Introduction: Goals and Objectives of ASEAN: Key Facts: Fundamental Principles: Institutional Mechanism of ASEAN: India and ASEAN Relations: Economic Cooperation: Socio-Cultural Cooperation: Connectivity Projects: Agriculture Initiatives: Science & Technology Collaboration: Political Security Cooperation: ASEAN-India Plan of Action: Significance of ASEAN…
Introduction: Objectives: Priority Areas: Structure: Key Facts: India and the Indian Ocean: Major Projects Under IORA: Challenges:
Introduction: Purposes: BIMSTEC Principles: Important Facts: Institutional Mechanisms of BIMSTEC: Key Outcomes of the 5th BIMSTEC Summit: Lead Sectors: Country Sector Bangladesh Trade, investment, and development Bhutan Environment and climate change India Security, including energy Myanmar Agriculture and food security…
Introduction: Principles: Objectives: Structure: Specialized Bodies of SAARC: Significance of SAARC for India: Reasons for SAARC’s Dormancy: Need for SAARC Revival: Challenges Facing SAARC: Way Forward: Conclusion:
1. The Hindu: “The BRICS Journey — Gaining Heft While in Transition” 2. The Hindu: “Staying Cool, but with Clean Tech, Global Collaborations”
Terrestrial ecosystems encompass the interactions between organisms and their environment on land, collectively known as terrestrial ecology. These interactions are heavily influenced by variations in topography, including valleys, mountains, and slopes, which cause differences in both material and biotic diversities.…
1. Express View on Tata Airbus Project, Gujarat vs Maharashtra: Neighbour’s Envy
Functions of an Ecosystem Ecosystems are incredibly complex, encompassing various processes that sustain life on Earth. Understanding these processes provides insight into how ecosystems maintain their stability and balance. The primary functions of an ecosystem can be divided into three…
Definition of Ecology: More Useful Links: 1.1 Historical Context of Ecology 1.2 Environment and Its Components Components of the Environment: Example: The Environment of a Fish in a Pond 1.3 Levels of Organization in Ecology 1.3.1 Individual 1.3.2 Population 1.3.3…
Subject: EnvironmentSection: PollutionTopic: Air Pollution Control in Indian Megacities The recently released Swachh Vayu Survekshan (SVS) 2024 report by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change paints a grim picture of air pollution control in India’s major cities.…
Subject: Environment, geographySection: Environmental Legislation, Human geographyTopic: Mankidia Community and Forest Rights On September 22, 2024, the Mankidia community was officially granted habitat rights under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006. This milestone ensures that the Mankidia, a semi-nomadic and…
Subject: EnvironmentSection: Climate ChangeTopic: Growth in India’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions India’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have shown a steady increase over the past decade, reaching concerning levels despite global efforts to reduce emissions. From 2014 to 2023, emissions in India…
Subject: EnvironmentSection: Climate ChangeTopic: China’s Carbon Market and Emissions Trading Mechanisms China, the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), is ramping up its efforts to curb emissions by expanding its Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The expansion includes high-emission industries…
Subject: EnvironmentSection: Climate ChangeTopic: Reducing CO2 Emissions in India’s Transport Sector India’s transport sector, a significant contributor to carbon emissions, stands at a crossroads. According to a recent study by the World Resources Institute (WRI) India, there is a tremendous…
Introduction The Amazon Rainforest, often referred to as the “lungs of the Earth,” plays an irreplaceable role in regulating our planet’s climate. Covering a staggering 5.5 million square kilometers across nine South American countries, the Amazon is home to an…
UPPSC Preparation 2024 with expert tips, detailed study plans, updated syllabus coverage, and daily current affairs. Boost your UPPSC preparation with mock tests and proven strategies for success. It’s essential to have a structured study plan and a deep understanding…
Explore the detailed UPPSC Syllabus 2024 with subject-wise topics for Prelims and Mains. Get insights into the latest UPPSC syllabus updates, exam pattern, and preparation tips to ace your exams with confidence. Here’s an in-depth breakdown of the UPPSC Prelims…
Preparing for the UPPSC PCS 2024 exam? One of the most effective ways to boost your preparation is by solving previous years’ question papers. They provide a clear understanding of the exam pattern, question types, and difficulty levels. In this…
Table of Contents Introduction The Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) will soon conduct the UPPSC PCS 2024 Preliminary Examination. This exam serves as the first stage in the recruitment process for various prestigious posts under the state government of…
The Assam Public Service Commission (APSC) is set to release the APSC Exam 2025 Notification on its official portal, apsc.nic.in, detailing everything candidates need for the upcoming examination. This article covers all you need to know about the APSC CCE…
The APSC Syllabus 2025 is an essential roadmap for candidates preparing for the Assam Public Service Commission’s Combined Competitive Examination (CCE) for various prestigious posts under the Assam government. The APSC Exam 2025 comprises three stages: Prelims, Mains, and Interview.…
UPSC EXAM CALENDAR 2025 PROGRAMME OF EXAMINATIONS/RECRUITMENT TESTS (RTs) – 2025 Sl. No. Name of Examination Date of Notification Last Date for Receipt of Applications Date of Commencement of Exam Duration of Exam 1 Reserved for UPSC RT/Examination – –…
The Jharkhand Public Service Commission (JPSC) has officially announced the JPSC Mains Exam Date through JPSC Notification on its website. Candidates who have cleared the prelims can now prepare for the Mains Exam. For complete details on the JPSC Mains…
Preparing for the 14th Jharkhand Public Service Commission (JPSC) Preliminary Test can be challenging, but with LearnPro’s 14th JPSC PT Test Series, your journey becomes structured, effective, and focused. This test series is meticulously designed to cover all aspects of…
The UPSC Geography Optional Syllabus covers a wide range of topics, from physical processes shaping the earth to human interactions with the environment. This makes it an excellent subject for candidates from diverse educational backgrounds. Structure of the UPSC Geography…
Choosing History as an optional subject for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) 2025 can be a transformative decision for many aspirants. With its wide-ranging topics that cover ancient civilizations to modern political movements, history offers a deep understanding of…
At LearnPro, we proudly introduce SAMARTH-2025, a comprehensive and strategic Prelims mentorship program specifically designed to help you ace the UPSC Prelims 2025. This program is aimed at guiding aspirants through every stage of their preparation, offering detailed mentorship, a…
The Arthashastra, a cornerstone of ancient Indian political and economic thought, was authored in Sanskrit by Kautilya, also referred to as Chanakya or Vishnugupta. Known for his wisdom and strategic brilliance, Chanakya was the mastermind behind Chandragupta Maurya’s rise to…
The Mauryan Empire, a geographically extensive Iron Age power, ruled over ancient India from 322 to 185 BCE. The Mauryan Empire’s foundation was established in 322 BCE when Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the last Nanda king. Seizing the opportunity presented by…
Table of Contents The Maurya period witnessed a steady expansion of trade with the western world and active exchanges of emissaries between the Maurya Empire and Hellenistic kings. Graeco-Roman accounts document interactions with kings like Sandrocottus (Chandragupta Maurya) and Amitrochates…
The Mauryan Empire (circa 322–185 BCE) marked a significant turning point in the development of Mauryan Art, architecture, and sculpture in India. After a long period of decline following the Indus Valley Civilization, the Mauryan Art period witnessed the revival…
1. Introduction The ancient invasions of India by foreign powers, particularly the Iranian and Macedonian invasions, had profound effects on the subcontinent. These invasions not only altered the political landscape but also introduced cultural, economic, and administrative changes that shaped…
Chandragupta Maurya (320 BCE – 298 BCE): Rise of the Mauryan Empire Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Chandragupta Maurya’s Background Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, is one of the most significant figures in ancient Indian history.…
Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Buddhism and Gautama Buddha 1.1 Overview of Buddhism Buddhism is one of the major religions in the world, deeply rooted in the teachings of Gautama Buddha. It originated in the Indian subcontinent over 2,500…
Table of Contents 1. Emergence of Heterodox Sects in Ancient India The 6th century B.C. was a significant period in Indian history, marking the rise of several heterodox sects that sought to challenge the dominance of orthodox Brahmanism. Among these…
Table of Content The 6th century BCE marks a crucial period in the political history of ancient India, as it witnessed the rise of the Mahajanapadas—great territorial states. These Mahajanapadas were instrumental in shaping India’s early political structures, which included…
The Aryan expansion in India is a significant chapter in ancient Indian history. The Indo-Aryans, who composed the Rig Veda, described themselves as Arya, indicating a distinct cultural or ethnic identity. Over time, debates on their origin, migration patterns, and…
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) is the central recruiting agency responsible for hiring personnel for top-level Group-A and select Group-B posts in the Central Government of India. It is known for conducting the prestigious Civil Services Examination (CSE), which recruits…
Important Books for UPSC Exams To succeed in the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE), candidates need to refer to a range of textbooks that are Important Books for UPSC Exams and cover various subjects. Here are some of the top-recommended…
The Indian Civil Service (ICS) has a long and complex history rooted in the colonial administration of the British. It evolved through significant reforms and developments, with the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) playing a crucial role in modern recruitment.…
Articles 315 to 323 of the Indian Constitution under Part XIV, titled “Services Under the Union and States,” detail the provisions for the establishment and functioning of Public Service Commissions. These commissions are responsible for conducting examinations and recruitment for…
Part XIV of the Constitution of India lays down the framework for the creation, regulation, and management of civil services under both the Union and the States. It spans from Articles 308 to 323, focusing on the structure and functioning…
Defining Megaliths: Understanding Ancient Stone Monuments The term megalith comes from the Greek words megas (great) and lithos (stone), referring to large stone structures or monuments. However, not every monument made of big stones qualifies as a megalith. The term…
Sub: Science & Technology | Section: Disaster Management Context:As climate change intensifies natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods, governments and scientific institutions are increasingly turning to Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve predictive models and mitigate the impacts of…
Sub: Environment | Section: Species in News Context:The vaquita porpoise (Phocoena sinus), the world’s most endangered marine mammal, is on the verge of extinction, with fewer than 10 individuals remaining. Conservationists and governments are making last-ditch efforts to save this…
Sub: Geography | Section: Human Geography Why in News:The Shompen tribe of the Nicobar Islands has come into the spotlight due to concerns over a major infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island, which threatens their forest home. The project includes a transshipment…
The Jammu & Kashmir Public Service Commission (JKPSC) conducts the Combined Competitive Examination (CCE) to recruit candidates for various esteemed government positions in Jammu & Kashmir. These positions include the Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service (JKAS), Jammu and Kashmir Police…
The JKPSC Combined Competitive Exam 2024 is a prestigious exam conducted by the Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission (JKPSC) to recruit candidates for administrative and other important positions in the Union Territory. Understanding the syllabus and exam pattern is…
Table of Contents The Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) has extended the last date to apply online for the 70th BPSC 2024 Exam. Candidates can now submit their applications until 4th November 2024. Additionally, those who have already applied can…
Are you aiming to crack the 70th BPSC Prelims? Start your preparation with LearnPro’s comprehensive 70th BPSC Prelims Test Series 2024, specifically designed to boost your confidence and sharpen your skills. With in-depth coverage of the entire BPSC Prelims syllabus,…
Are you aiming to master the History Optional for the UPSC Civil Services Examination? Our History Optional Foundation Course is designed specifically to provide comprehensive and strategic coverage of the History syllabus, including both Paper 1 and Paper 2, with…
Prepare for UPSC CSE Prelims 2025 with our comprehensive Test Series! Get detailed solutions, expert analysis, and track your progress as you tackle high-quality practice questions aligned with the latest UPSC patterns. Start your journey to success today with our…
Introduction Shifting cultivation, commonly known as Jhum cultivation in India, is an ancient agricultural practice widely used by indigenous communities, particularly in the Northeast and forested regions of Central India. This method of farming involves clearing a piece of forest…
The British Forest Policy of 1884 was a significant aspect of colonial governance in India, particularly concerning the management and exploitation of forest resources. It followed the Indian Forest Act of 1865 and the Indian Forest Act of 1878, which…
Dikus of Jharkhand holds significant cultural and historical connotations, particularly among the tribal (Adivasi) communities. Originating from the tribal languages of Jharkhand, such as Mundari and Ho, “Diku” is commonly used by Adivasis to describe outsiders or non-tribals who are…
Tribal revolts in Jharkhand represent the indomitable spirit of its indigenous communities fighting against exploitation and injustice. The Santhal Rebellion (1855-1856), led by Sido and Kanhu Murmu, marked a fierce resistance against oppressive British policies and landlords. Similarly, the Kol…
Introduction The state of Jharkhand is a land of rich cultural heritage and diversity, home to various ethnic groups, each with its own distinct identity. Among these groups are the Sadan of Jharkhand, a non-tribal, Indo-Aryan-speaking population that has been…
The Dutch , English and French Table of Contents The Dutch in India Anglo-Dutch Rivalry: Decline of the Dutch in India The English and the French East India Companies The English East India Company in India: Expansion and Consolidation Charter…
Early European Settlements Table of Contents The Portuguese in India: Objectives of finding Sea Route and factors behind advent of Portuguese: Arrival of Vasco Da Gama: Portuguese Governors in India: Alfonso de Albuquerque: Nino da Cunha: Note: Favourable Conditions for Portuguese…
1. Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) Accessibility and Regulations Why in News? About Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) and Their Regulation Source: The Hindu, CDSCO guidelines 2. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Its Historical Influence Why in News? About Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh…
1. Agrarian Crisis and Landholding Patterns in India Why in News? Headline: “Agrarian crisis: Landholding recedes by 1/3rd, loans swell for farm households, finds NABARD survey” (Source: The Hindu) About Agrarian Crisis in India Definition of Agrarian Crisis The agrarian…
The UPSC Prelims Syllabus 2025 outlines the structure and topics for the first stage of the Civil Services Examination. It includes two papers: General Studies (GS) Paper-I and General Studies (GS) Paper-II (CSAT). Both papers are objective type and designed…
The UPSC CSE Exam 2025, also known as the Union Public Service Commission Civil Services Examination, is one of India’s most esteemed exams, offering a gateway to prestigious government roles such as IAS, IPS, IFS, and IRS. This exam is…
(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations) General Studies-II Syllabus: Expanded Breakdown 1. Indian Constitution, Polity, and Governance Topic Details Historical Underpinnings of the Constitution – Acts Before 1857: Regulating Act (1773), Pitt’s India Act (1784), Charter Acts (1793,…
(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society) Complete Break down of Syllabus General Studies-I Syllabus 1. Indian Heritage and Culture Topic Sub-Topics Indian Art Forms – Paintings: Mural, Miniature (Mughal, Rajput, Pahari)– Dance: Classical (Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi,…
India’s Regulatory Reforms to Accelerate Homecoming of IPO-Bound Startups Source: The Economic Times, Business Standard, Mint Why Deaths Occur Due to Heat Stroke Source: World Health Organization (WHO), The Hindu, Indian Express As Green Patch Spreads in Antarctica, Here’s What…
General Studies paper – 1 1. In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located?(a) Andhra(b) Gandhara(c) Kalinga(d) Magadha 2. With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements:…
Q.1 Discuss the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in transforming public service delivery in India. Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 Analyze the potential of blockchain technology in enhancing transparency and accountability in governance. Model Answer Guidance: Q.3 Evaluate India’s progress in…
Q.1 Evaluate the impact of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on India’s economy. Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 Discuss the role of infrastructure development in achieving sustainable economic growth in India. Model Answer Guidance: Q.3 Analyze the impact of globalization…
Q.1 Discuss the strategic importance of India’s Look East Policy in strengthening relations with ASEAN countries. Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 Evaluate India’s stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its implications for regional connectivity. Model Answer Guidance: Q.3…
Q.1 Discuss the relevance of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence in contemporary public administration. Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 How can emotional intelligence aid public servants in making ethical decisions? Model Answer Guidance: Q.3 Analyze the ethical implications of whistleblowing in…
Q.1 Evaluate the role of mangroves in coastal ecosystems and discuss the threats they face in India. Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 Discuss the implications of biodiversity loss on ecosystem services and human well-being. Model Answer Guidance: Q.3 How does urbanization…
Q.1 How effective has the Right to Information Act been in promoting transparency and accountability in governance? Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 Critically examine the role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural development. Model Answer Guidance: Q.3 Discuss the significance of…
Q.1 Assess the role of Jainism and Buddhism in the evolution of Indian culture and society. Model Answer Guidance: Q.2 How did the Mughal architecture symbolize the synthesis of Persian and Indian art forms? Model Answer Guidance: Q.3 Discuss the…
1. Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Clears Purchase of MQ-9B Drones and Submarines 2. Australia and New Zealand Prepare for Potential Bird Flu Outbreak 3. ASEAN Summit Calls for Peace in Myanmar 4. Global Wildlife Population Decline Reported by WWF…
1. Resignation of Senior Doctors in West Bengal Headline: Mass Resignations by Senior Doctors in West Bengal Raises Healthcare Concerns Context: Fifty senior doctors at R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital resigned, underscoring challenges within West Bengal’s healthcare system. This…
1. Indian Air Force Day 2024 Headline: Indian Air Force Day: Celebrating 92 Years of Valor and Excellence Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) celebrated its 92nd anniversary, underscoring its vital role in national defense and showcasing advancements in aerial…
Table of Contents 1. Kazakhstan Votes on First Nuclear Power Station Sub: International Relations | Section: Places in News Context:Kazakhstan recently held a referendum to decide on constructing its first nuclear power station on the shores of Lake Balkhash. This…
Table of Contents 1. Shompen Tribe of Nicobar Sub: Geography | Section: Human Geography Why in News:The Shompen tribe of the Nicobar Islands has come into the spotlight due to concerns over a major infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island,…
Table of contents: 1. India’s Per Capita Income to Rise by $2000 in 5 Years Sub: Economics | Section: National Income Finance Minister’s Statement:Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman highlighted that the coming decades will witness a significant improvement in living standards…
The Solar System – Introduction The Solar System is a group of celestial bodies bound by the Sun’s gravity. At its center is the Sun, a star that provides light and energy. Surrounding it are eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth,…
Table of contents 1. Odisha’s Leopard Population Jumps by 22% to 696 Sub: EnvironmentSec: Species in News Context: Current Population Status in Odisha: National Context: Survey Methodology: Did You Know? Leopards are extremely adaptable and can survive in diverse habitats,…
Table of Contents Constitution and Constitutionalism A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed.It lays down the basic structure of the political system under which its people are to be governed.…
Original Home and Identity of the Aryans Linguistic Group and Homeland Debate Aryan Migration: Myth vs. Reality Early Aryan Settlement in India Tribal Conflicts and Expansion Later Vedic Period Expansion (1000-500 BCE) Religious and Philosophical Literature The Vedic Texts Types…
The Rise of Food Production The Neolithic Age, which followed the Mesolithic, marked the beginning of food production. During this period, human communities transitioned from being entirely dependent on the natural resources of their environment to cultivating crops and domesticating…
Introduction In the distant past, when there was no paper, language, or written records, ancient human lives were documented through tools, pottery, habitats, bones of humans and animals, and most importantly, cave paintings. These rock paintings provide a window into…
