4th October 2024

Table of contents

1. Odisha’s Leopard Population Jumps by 22% to 696

Sub: Environment
Sec: Species in News

Context:

• The All Odisha Leopard Estimation 2024 report has been published, offering updated insights into the state’s leopard population. This estimation is crucial for understanding the conservation status of leopards and formulating strategies to protect these big cats, which play an essential role in the ecosystem.

Current Population Status in Odisha:

• As of 2024, Odisha’s leopard population is estimated at approximately 696 individuals, with the number ranging from 668 to 724. This figure reflects a 22% increase from the population in 2022, which was 568 leopards.
• However, despite the increase, the current population is still below the 2018 levels when there were approximately 760 leopards. This indicates fluctuations due to factors like habitat encroachment, human-leopard conflict, and poaching.

National Context:

• India is home to an estimated 13,874 leopards. The leopard population has witnessed a drastic decline over the past 120-200 years, with estimates suggesting a 75-90% reduction primarily due to habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with humans.
• In the past decade, India has reported 1,485 cases of leopard poaching, which remains a significant threat. Illegal trade in leopard skins and body parts fuels this poaching, which adds to the pressure on the species.

Survey Methodology:

• The survey covered 47 forest divisions across Odisha, utilizing both traditional and advanced tracking techniques.
• Field surveys involved searching for indirect signs like pugmarks, scrapes, and scat, which help researchers estimate leopard presence and density.
• Camera traps were set up strategically to capture images of leopards. Each leopard has a unique rosette pattern on its coat, allowing researchers to identify individuals accurately and estimate population numbers.
• By combining both direct and indirect methods, the survey ensured a comprehensive analysis, validated through scientific means to minimize errors in estimation.

Did You Know?
Leopards are extremely adaptable and can survive in diverse habitats, from dense forests and grasslands to mountains and semi-desert regions. In India, leopards often live close to human settlements, leading to conflicts. Conservation strategies include creating wildlife corridors to allow leopards to move between habitats without crossing human territories.

Key Findings:

• Protected Areas: Similipal Tiger Reserve holds the largest leopard population in Odisha. This reserve forms a critical habitat for leopards and connects with Hadagarh and Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuaries, which provide necessary corridors for leopard dispersal.
• About Similipal National Park: Situated in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district, Similipal is part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes Hadgarh and Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuaries. The park is named after the red silk cotton trees growing abundantly there. With diverse topography, climate, and altitude variations, Similipal hosts flora from the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and Sub-Himalayan regions, linking South Indian and North Eastern plant species.

Interesting Facts About Similipal Tiger Reserve
Unique Flora and Fauna	Similipal is home to the world’s only known population of melanistic (black) tigers, along with a diverse range of species, including elephants, gaurs, and sloth bears.
Biosphere Reserve Status	Similipal was designated as part of UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2009, highlighting its ecological importance.
Cultural Significance	Similipal is sacred to local tribes, who view the forest and its species as integral to their cultural and spiritual practices.

Challenges and Conservation Efforts:

• Human-Leopard Conflict: Human expansion into leopard habitats often leads to conflicts, especially when leopards prey on livestock. Wildlife corridors are critical in reducing these encounters by providing safe passages for leopards between habitats.
• Anti-Poaching Initiatives: Odisha has strengthened anti-poaching measures by employing technology and community involvement. Increased surveillance and monitoring, alongside training for forest guards, are critical steps in curbing poaching incidents.
• Community Engagement: Conservation programs increasingly involve local communities, who play a key role in protecting wildlife. Raising awareness about leopards’ ecological importance and promoting eco-tourism fosters a sense of shared responsibility among locals.

Future Prospects:

• Research and Monitoring: Continuous monitoring is essential for tracking the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Enhanced use of technology, such as GPS collars and remote sensing, can improve data accuracy and provide insights into leopard behavior and habitat needs.
• Policy Support: Effective conservation policies are crucial for securing funds for habitat preservation and anti-poaching measures. Robust legal frameworks are also essential to ensure leopard populations can thrive in coexistence with human communities.
• Public Awareness: Educating the public about biodiversity and the role of apex predators like leopards can foster public support for conservation efforts. Educational campaigns, especially within local communities, are vital for encouraging sustainable human-wildlife interactions.

2. Status of the Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0

Sub: Schemes
Sec: Health

Context:

• Launched in 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) sought to eliminate open defecation and improve sanitation across India. In 2021, the mission was extended with SBM-Urban 2.0, focusing on waste management, particularly in urban areas. One of its key objectives is to tackle legacy waste dumpsites and transform Indian cities into “garbage-free” areas by 2026.

Legacy Waste Dumpsites in India:

• There are over 3,000 legacy waste dumpsites across India, containing unmanaged solid waste accumulated due to years of improper disposal.
• Of these dumpsites, 2,424 have waste loads exceeding 1,000 tonnes, posing a significant environmental challenge.
• By the midway point of the project, only 471 dumpsites (19.43%) have been fully remediated, highlighting the extensive efforts still needed to meet the project’s goals.

What are Legacy Waste Dumpsites?

• Legacy dumpsites are areas where solid waste has accumulated over many years, sometimes decades, without scientific disposal methods. These sites often contain hazardous materials like plastics, metals, and chemicals.
• India generates around 1,50,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, with much of it ending up in landfills or open dumps. These dumpsites often cover large areas, sometimes encroaching on residential and urban zones due to city expansion.

Health Hazards of Legacy Waste

– Dumpsites release harmful emissions, including greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, contributing to air pollution and climate change. – Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause respiratory problems, skin diseases, and other serious health issues like tuberculosis, asthma, and diabetes. – Ragpickers and residents near dumpsites are at higher risk of developing chronic health issues due to exposure to toxic waste.

Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 Objectives:

• Garbage-Free Cities: SBM-Urban 2.0 aims to eliminate open garbage dumping, sustain Open Defecation Free (ODF) status, and ensure scientific waste management. Key goals include 100% source segregation, door-to-door waste collection, and the conversion of waste into resources.
• Remediation of Legacy Dumpsites: The mission focuses on clearing these dumpsites and reclaiming land for development or green zones, improving both urban spaces and public health.
• Establishment of Scientific Landfills: By replacing dumpsites with scientific landfills equipped to manage leachate and gas emissions, SBM-Urban 2.0 aims to prevent future waste accumulation and minimize environmental impact.

Progress on Dumpsite Remediation:

• Out of 2,424 identified dumpsites, 471 have been fully remediated, 1,226 are currently undergoing remediation, and 727 sites remain unaddressed.
• Land Reclamation: Approximately 27% of the total 17,039 acres of dumpsite land has been reclaimed, with Tamil Nadu leading with 837 acres reclaimed, while Gujarat has reclaimed 75% of its landfill area.

Financial Aspects of SBM-Urban 2.0
The Central Government has sanctioned ₹3,226 crore for remediation projects, with states and Union Territories expected to provide matching funds. Effective use of these funds depends on local municipal bodies’ capacity to execute projects efficiently and sustainably.

Challenges in Achieving Garbage-Free Cities:

• Technological Constraints: Effective remediation requires technologies like bio-mining and bioremediation, which may not be available or affordable for all cities.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Involving private companies in waste management could provide additional resources and expertise. Partnerships can also help scale up operations and introduce innovative solutions for waste processing and disposal.
• Community Engagement: Public awareness campaigns are crucial for encouraging responsible waste disposal, recycling, and participation in local clean-up efforts. Community involvement is a cornerstone of SBM-Urban 2.0’s success.

Did You Know?
India’s largest and oldest landfill is the Deonar dumping ground in Mumbai, spanning over 300 acres. The site, established in 1927, has towering garbage heaps as high as 15 stories, and recurring fires there have worsened air quality for nearby residents.

Looking Forward:

• Boosting Funding and Support: To accelerate progress, additional funds and resources may be required. Engaging international partners and securing additional state-level funding can help meet the 2026 target.
• Enhanced Monitoring and Transparency: Regular audits and transparent reporting will ensure accountability, allowing for data-driven decisions and timely course corrections.
• Sustainable Urban Planning: Integrating waste management into urban planning will help cities become more resilient. Encouraging practices like composting, recycling, and the circular economy can lead to long-term sustainability.

Conclusion:

• SBM-Urban 2.0 has made strides in addressing urban sanitation and waste management, but significant work remains, particularly in the remediation of legacy dumpsites. As cities continue to grow, it is essential to develop resilient waste management systems to protect public health and the environment.

3. Marathi Among 5 Languages Accorded ‘Classical Language’ Status

Sub: History
Sec: Art and Culture

Context:

• Recently, the Union Cabinet recognized Marathi, along with Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali, as classical languages. This status acknowledges the historical and cultural significance of these languages, supporting efforts to preserve their literature, promote linguistic research, and enhance national pride.

Significance of Recognition:

• Cultural Heritage: Recognizing Marathi as a classical language underscores Maharashtra’s rich literary and cultural heritage. This designation reflects the language’s importance in Indian history and honors its contributions to art, literature, and philosophy.
• National Impact: While each language has a regional base, their influence extends nationwide. Pali and Prakrit are historically significant for their connections to Buddhism and Jainism. Assamese and Bengali have rich literary traditions that continue to shape Indian art and culture.

Background on Classical Language Status:

• India introduced the category of classical languages in 2004, with Tamil being the first to receive recognition. To qualify, a language must meet specific criteria related to its antiquity, literary history, and cultural heritage.
• Criteria for Recognition:
  • The language must have early texts or recorded history dating back 1500-2000 years.
  • It should have a body of ancient literature considered a valuable cultural heritage.
  • The literary tradition should be unique and distinct from its later forms.

Recognized Classical Languages in India
Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014), and the newly recognized Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.

Benefits of Classical Language Status:

• Academic and Research Support: The Ministry of Education provides funding for research, translation, and the establishment of Centres of Excellence for classical languages. This includes university chairs dedicated to fostering scholarship in these languages.
• International Recognition: Two major international awards are given annually to scholars who make significant contributions to classical language studies. This not only promotes the languages globally but also strengthens cultural diplomacy.

Institutional Support and Cultural Preservation Efforts:

• Dedicated centers for languages like Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu have been established to support preservation efforts, translation projects, and cultural outreach. The recognition of new classical languages encourages similar initiatives for Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
• Example of Institutional Initiatives: The Central Institute of Classical Tamil has played a pivotal role in translating ancient texts and offering specialized courses to promote Tamil’s legacy. Similar institutions for Marathi and other recognized languages can drive academic engagement and cultural promotion.

Interesting Facts About Marathi and Other Classical Languages
– Marathi: Known for its ancient poetry, such as the Dnyaneshwari by Sant Dnyaneshwar, an early commentary on the Bhagavad Gita. – Pali and Prakrit: Central to Buddhist and Jain literature, with texts like the Tripitaka forming the core of Theravada Buddhist teachings. – Assamese: A language with roots in early medieval Assamese literature, featuring works by poets like Madhava Kandali.

Implications for Cultural and Linguistic Studies:

• Preserving Ancient Texts: Classical status facilitates the translation of ancient texts, making them accessible to a broader audience and preserving cultural wisdom for future generations. Government support helps fund these projects, ensuring that valuable literary heritage is not lost.
• Boosting Cultural Tourism: Recognizing classical languages can draw attention to cultural sites, museums, and festivals associated with these languages. This promotes tourism and educates visitors about India’s linguistic diversity.

Future Prospects:

• Increased Research and Language Learning: Universities and research institutions will likely expand their programs to include classical language studies, encouraging new generations to engage with these languages.
• National and International Conferences: Hosting conferences and cultural events centered on classical languages can strengthen cultural ties and promote knowledge sharing between scholars, both in India and internationally.
• Digital Archiving and Resource Accessibility: Digital initiatives are essential for archiving and sharing classical texts online, making resources accessible to scholars and enthusiasts worldwide.

Conclusion:

• The recognition of Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali as classical languages highlights India’s rich cultural and linguistic heritage. By supporting research, preservation, and education efforts, this status ensures that these languages continue to thrive and influence future generations.

4. Supreme Court Lays Down ‘Functionality’ and ‘Essentiality’ Test for Claiming Input Tax Credit (ITC)

Sub: Economy
Sec: Fiscal Policy

Context:

• The Supreme Court recently clarified eligibility for Input Tax Credit (ITC) under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) for real estate companies. This ruling defines conditions under which companies can claim ITC on construction expenses for commercial properties. The clarification is significant as it impacts the financial planning and tax obligations of businesses in the real estate sector.

Supreme Court Judgment on ITC for Real Estate Companies:

• Real estate firms can claim ITC on costs related to constructing commercial buildings intended for rental or leasing purposes. This judgment benefits the sector by potentially lowering the cost burden for developers and tenants.
• However, the Court stated that ITC is not available if the construction is for the developer’s own use, such as personal office spaces. Only properties built to supply taxable services, like rental or leasing, are eligible.

Conditions for ITC Eligibility:

• Functionality and Essentiality Tests: The Court introduced these tests to determine ITC eligibility:
  • Functionality Test: This test assesses whether the building is integral to the business’s operations. For example, malls and warehouses may qualify as they are used for commercial services.
  • Essentiality Test: This test considers if the property is essential for the provision of GST-applicable services. Properties primarily used as investments or for non-commercial purposes do not qualify for ITC.
• Practical Implications: The ruling could prompt real estate companies to reevaluate their business models to maximize ITC benefits for commercial projects. This may also encourage more commercial leasing and rental arrangements.

Clarification by the Court
ITC is not available for properties constructed for personal use. Only those that serve business purposes and meet the conditions outlined in the CGST Act are eligible.

Mechanism to Avoid Cascading Effect:

• ITC is designed to eliminate “tax on tax.” It ensures taxes are levied only on value addition, not on the entire cost. In practice, a registered business can claim ITC on purchases to offset the tax payable on sales.

Definition of Input Tax Credit (ITC)
ITC allows businesses to reduce their tax liability by claiming credit for the tax paid on inputs. This credit is used to offset the tax on output, lowering the overall tax burden.

Key Aspects of Functionality and Essentiality Tests:

• Usage as a Plant: To qualify as a plant under the CGST Act, the property must directly contribute to business services. The tests verify the functional necessity of the building in providing taxable supplies, which is crucial for claiming ITC.
• Role in Business Operations: Businesses such as malls, warehouses, and other facilities (excluding hotels and cinemas) may qualify depending on their role in the company’s business model.

Reasoning for the Judgment:

• The Court emphasized that renting or leasing property is a supply of services under the CGST Act. Therefore, if a property is a plant, ITC on inputs used for construction may be claimed, which supports growth in commercial real estate.

Did You Know?
The real estate sector frequently deals with complex tax rules. This ruling is significant as ITC eligibility impacts financial viability. Reduced costs from ITC savings can benefit tenants, potentially making commercial spaces more affordable.

Understanding ITC in GST:

• ITC is central to the GST system as it helps reduce tax burdens by offsetting taxes paid on inputs against the tax on outputs. This utilization process ensures that businesses are taxed only on the value they add at each stage.
• Refund Mechanism: If tax paid on inputs exceeds the tax on outputs, businesses can claim a refund, promoting liquidity and investment.

Exceptions to ITC Claims:

• Ineligibility for Certain Uses: ITC cannot be claimed for goods or services intended for personal use or exempt goods. Businesses under the composition scheme are also ineligible for ITC.

Additional Details on ITC Usage
– Eligible for Registered Dealers: Only registered dealers under GST can claim ITC. – Tax Adjustments: ITC is typically adjusted against the output tax collected on sales. The remaining liability after adjustment is paid to the government.

Impact on the Real Estate Sector and Future Outlook:

• This ruling provides essential guidance for the real estate sector by defining ITC eligibility conditions. Real estate developers can better align projects with GST provisions, leading to better compliance and a more competitive market. With greater transparency and predictability, this clarification could also lead to increased investment in commercial real estate.

5. Combatting Sickle Cell Disease

Sub: Science
Sec: Health

Context:

• Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects hemoglobin, resulting in severe health complications and reduced life expectancy. It is particularly prevalent in certain regions of India, with marginalized communities facing significant challenges in managing the disease. Recent efforts in areas like rural Maharashtra highlight ongoing advancements and community-led initiatives aimed at improving patient outcomes.

About Sickle Cell Disease (SCD):

• SCD is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to red blood cells (RBCs) assuming a sickle or crescent shape. These misshapen cells can cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to complications such as anemia, organ damage, severe pain episodes, and, over time, a shorter lifespan.
• India has the highest prevalence of SCD in South Asia, with over 20 million individuals affected. The disease is most common among tribal populations, who are genetically predisposed and often have limited access to healthcare resources.

Symptoms:

• Chronic Anemia: SCD patients experience persistent anemia, which leads to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and paleness.
• Painful Episodes (Sickle Cell Crisis): These are sudden, intense pain attacks affecting the bones, chest, back, and limbs. They can last from hours to days and often require medical attention.
• Delayed Growth: SCD can slow physical development, particularly in children, and lead to delayed puberty due to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply.

Treatment Approaches:

• Blood Transfusions: Regular transfusions help manage anemia and reduce the risk of complications. Blood transfusions also aid in preventing strokes and other severe health issues.
• Hydroxyurea: This medication can decrease the frequency of pain episodes and reduce long-term complications. It works by increasing fetal hemoglobin levels, which helps prevent sickling.
• Gene Therapy: Advances in gene editing, including techniques like CRISPR, offer promising solutions. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplants have been used to replace defective hemoglobin genes, offering a potential cure.

National Mission to Eliminate SCD by 2047
The Indian government has launched a mission to eliminate SCD by 2047. This includes developing pediatric formulations of hydroxyurea and advancing gene-editing therapies under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).

Did You Know?

• SCD is particularly common among India’s tribal communities, which face a higher risk due to limited access to healthcare. This has contributed to an overall health burden in regions already challenged by healthcare disparities.

Current Efforts and Community Programs:

• Community-based initiatives are crucial in managing SCD, especially in rural areas. These programs provide screenings, facilitate blood transfusions, and distribute essential medications like hydroxyurea.
• Awareness Campaigns: Non-profits and government bodies conduct outreach programs to educate communities about SCD symptoms, the importance of early diagnosis, and available treatments. These campaigns aim to reduce stigma and promote early intervention.

Challenges in SCD Management:

• Healthcare Accessibility: Many affected individuals live in remote areas, making it difficult to access healthcare facilities for regular treatment and monitoring.
• Economic Constraints: The cost of managing SCD, including frequent blood transfusions and medications, can be prohibitive. While government programs provide support, there are still gaps in accessibility, affordability, and quality of care.

Interesting Facts About Sickle Cell Disease

– Global Prevalence: SCD affects millions worldwide, with the highest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and India. – Impact on Lifespan: Without proper management, SCD can significantly reduce life expectancy. However, advancements in treatment have improved survival rates for many patients. – Genetic Origin: SCD is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning a child must inherit the mutated gene from both parents to develop the disease.

The Road Ahead:

• Enhanced Screening and Diagnosis: Improved screening programs are essential for early detection and treatment. This can help manage symptoms effectively and prevent complications.
• Research in Gene Therapy: Gene therapy holds potential as a long-term solution for SCD. Ongoing research aims to make these treatments safer, more effective, and more accessible to a broader patient population.
• Government Support and Initiatives: India’s mission to eliminate SCD by 2047 emphasizes the need for increased funding, better healthcare infrastructure, and focused outreach efforts in rural areas. Collaboration with international health organizations may further accelerate progress.

Conclusion:

• Combatting SCD requires a multifaceted approach that includes advanced medical treatments, community engagement, and robust government support. As awareness grows and treatment options improve, there is hope for better outcomes and quality of life for those affected by SCD.

6. Stem Cell Therapy as a Potential Cure for Type 1 Diabetes: The Indian Perspective

Sub: Science
Sec: Health

Context:

• Stem cell therapy has shown promise as a potential cure for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), offering hope for individuals who rely on insulin for life. Recently, a woman in China successfully regained her insulin production after undergoing stem cell therapy, bringing global attention to the therapy’s potential. This breakthrough underscores the transformative possibilities for millions living with T1D, including those in India.

Understanding Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):

• T1D is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This results in an inability to regulate blood sugar, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.
• In contrast to Type 2 Diabetes, which is often linked to lifestyle factors, T1D typically manifests in childhood or adolescence and is predominantly influenced by genetic factors. Its exact cause remains largely unknown, though it involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental triggers.

Key Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes:

Criteria	Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)	Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
Cause	Autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.	Insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production, often associated with lifestyle factors like diet and inactivity.
Onset	Typically develops in childhood or adolescence.	Usually develops in adulthood, but increasing cases are seen in younger individuals due to lifestyle factors.
Insulin Dependence	Patients are insulin-dependent for life as the body cannot produce insulin.	May not initially require insulin; often managed with oral medications, diet, and exercise, though insulin may be needed in later stages.
Prevalence	Accounts for about 5-10% of all diabetes cases globally.	Much more common, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetes cases globally.

• Cause: T1D is caused by an autoimmune attack on beta cells, whereas Type 2 is associated with insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.
• Onset: T1D usually appears in younger individuals, while Type 2 commonly develops in adults, often due to lifestyle factors.
• Treatment Dependence: Individuals with T1D require lifelong insulin therapy, whereas Type 2 can sometimes be managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications.

Stem Cell Therapy for T1D:

• Mechanism: Stem cell therapy involves reprogramming pluripotent stem cells to become insulin-producing beta cells. These are then transplanted into the body to restore natural insulin production.
• Recent Successes: The recent case in China demonstrates the feasibility of this approach, as reprogrammed cells successfully produced insulin. Continued research aims to refine the procedure and ensure long-term efficacy.

Did You Know?
The first successful use of stem cell therapy for T1D was reported only recently, marking a significant step forward. While still experimental, it suggests that T1D could one day be treated as a curable condition.

Types of Stem Cells Used:

• Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs): These cells can become any cell type, including beta cells. However, ethical concerns often limit their use.
• Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs): iPSCs are adult cells reprogrammed to a pluripotent state, offering a less controversial option that is also highly versatile.

Challenges and Ethical Considerations:

• Rejection and Immune Response: Transplanted cells may be rejected by the patient’s immune system, particularly in autoimmune diseases like T1D.
• Ethical Concerns: The use of ESCs raises ethical questions, as they are derived from early-stage embryos. However, advancements in iPSCs mitigate some of these concerns by using adult cells.

Impact on Diabetes Management:

• Reduction in Insulin Dependence: By potentially restoring natural insulin production, stem cell therapy could eliminate the need for daily insulin injections.
• Improved Quality of Life: For patients with T1D, this therapy offers the possibility of a life free from constant glucose monitoring and insulin management, significantly improving their quality of life.

Future of Stem Cell Therapy in India:

• Research and Development: India’s healthcare system is increasingly investing in stem cell research, with several institutions focusing on the potential of regenerative medicine for conditions like T1D.
• Accessibility and Affordability: While promising, stem cell therapy remains costly and limited in availability. As research progresses, efforts to make the therapy accessible and affordable are essential for it to benefit a wider population.
• Regulatory Framework: Establishing a robust regulatory framework is vital for ensuring safe and ethical applications of stem cell therapy in India.

Conclusion:

• Stem cell therapy holds tremendous potential as a long-term solution for T1D. Ongoing advancements could transform how the condition is managed, offering a future where insulin dependence is a thing of the past. Continued research, combined with strategic investments and ethical oversight, will be crucial to realizing this therapy’s full potential in India and beyond.

7. Government Initiatives in Agriculture and Energy: New Mergers and Mission for Growth

Sub: Schemes
Sec: Agriculture

Context:

• The Union Cabinet recently announced significant reforms in agriculture by merging multiple schemes into two major initiatives and launching the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds). These steps aim to streamline resource allocation, enhance domestic oilseed production, and improve energy efficiency.

Merging of Central Schemes into Two Major Initiatives:

• Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY): This initiative consolidates various agricultural schemes, promoting sustainable agriculture practices across India. The Union Cabinet allocated ₹1,01,321.61 crore for PM-RKVY, with significant flexibility granted to states for adapting funds to local needs.
• Krishonnati Yojana (KY): With a focus on comprehensive agricultural development, KY integrates multiple schemes to eliminate redundancy and ensure better resource use. The total fund for KY is ₹44,246.89 crore, funded predominantly by the central government, providing states flexibility for addressing agricultural challenges.

Key Components of PM-RKVY:

• Soil Health Management: Aims to improve soil fertility and sustainability, addressing long-term agricultural productivity.
• Rainfed Area Development: Supports rainfed farming and promotes sustainable practices in regions that rely on rainfall for agriculture.
• Agroforestry: Encourages tree-based farming systems that enhance income and contribute to environmental benefits.
• Per Drop More Crop: Focuses on water-use efficiency through micro-irrigation, crucial for areas facing water scarcity.

Interesting Components of Krishonnati Yojana
– Crop Diversification Programme: Encourages farmers to switch from water-intensive crops to more sustainable alternatives. – Mission Organic Value Chain Development: Expands organic farming in the North-East and other regions to support sustainable agriculture. – Accelerator Fund for Agri Startups: Provides funding for startups to drive innovation and research in agriculture.

National Mission on Edible Oils (NMEO-Oilseeds):

• Objective: NMEO-Oilseeds seeks to boost domestic production of oilseeds to reduce dependency on imports, aiming to increase edible oil production to 25.45 million tonnes by 2030-31.
• Implementation: The mission will be executed over seven years, with a financial outlay of ₹10,103 crore. Focus crops include rapeseed-mustard, soybean, and sunflower, with additional efforts to increase oil extraction from cottonseed, rice bran, and tree-borne oils.

Highlights of NMEO-Oilseeds:

• Seed Production: Establishing 65 seed hubs and 50 seed storage units to ensure quality seed availability.
• Technological Advancements: Promoting the use of high-yield seed varieties, genome editing, and intercropping techniques.
• Cluster Development: Creating over 600 clusters managed by Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), covering 10 lakh hectares annually.

Government’s Role in Energy Efficiency:

• Alongside agricultural reforms, the government has committed to enhancing energy efficiency by joining the International Energy Efficiency Hub. This collaboration aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve resource efficiency in various sectors.
• International Energy Efficiency Hub: A platform with 16 member countries, including major global economies, focused on advancing energy-efficient practices and technologies.

Did You Know?
India is the world’s largest importer of edible oils, with over 60% of its demand met through imports. The NMEO-Oilseeds mission aims to reduce this dependency, improving food security and reducing vulnerability to global market fluctuations.

Challenges and Future Prospects:

• Infrastructure and Technology: Implementing these schemes requires robust infrastructure and access to advanced agricultural technology. Continued investment in these areas will be crucial.
• Climate Change Impact: Climate change presents ongoing risks to agriculture, making it essential to incorporate climate resilience into scheme planning and execution.
• Encouraging Private Sector Involvement: By fostering public-private partnerships, the government can leverage additional resources and innovation for both agricultural and energy efficiency goals.

Conclusion:

• The consolidation of agricultural schemes under PM-RKVY and Krishonnati Yojana, along with the launch of NMEO-Oilseeds, reflects a focused effort to promote sustainable agriculture and self-reliance in edible oil production. By addressing resource allocation and promoting energy efficiency, these initiatives aim to strengthen the agricultural sector’s resilience and sustainability.