Mains Practice Questions

Click on any of the Question to see the Model Answer

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 3: Why do Western Disturbances significantly influence the winter climate in North India? Provide examples. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 5: Explain the geographical factors responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation in India. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 7: What are the concepts behind El Niño and La Niña events? How do these phenomena impact the monsoon and air quality in India? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 9: What is Marine Cloud Brightening? Discuss its potential benefits and risks in the context of mitigating climate change. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 3: Why do Western Disturbances significantly influence the winter climate in North India? Provide examples. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 5: Explain the geographical factors responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation in India. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 7: What are the concepts behind El Niño and La Niña events? How do these phenomena impact the monsoon and air quality in India? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 9: What is Marine Cloud Brightening? Discuss its potential benefits and risks in the context of mitigating climate change. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 3: Why do Western Disturbances significantly influence the winter climate in North India? Provide examples. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 5: Explain the geographical factors responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation in India. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 7: What are the concepts behind El Niño and La Niña events? How do these phenomena impact the monsoon and air quality in India? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 9: What is Marine Cloud Brightening? Discuss its potential benefits and risks in the context of mitigating climate change. (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define Western Disturbances and their origin.
  • Discuss their role in North India’s winter climate.
  • Use specific examples from India to substantiate.

Model Answer:
Western Disturbances (WDs) are low-pressure systems originating in the Mediterranean that move eastwards, influencing winter weather in North India. They bring unseasonal rainfall, snowfall, and moderate cold waves.

Impact on Winter Climate:

  • Agriculture: WDs provide crucial moisture for rabi crops, especially wheat, in Punjab and Haryana.
  • Snowfall: Ensure snow accumulation in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, replenishing Himalayan glaciers.
  • Temperature Regulation: Cause temperature drops, reducing extreme cold in plains.

Examples:

  • Heavy snowfall in Kashmir during January 2023 disrupted transport but replenished water resources.
  • The 2022 WD-induced rains in Delhi improved groundwater levels.

Conclusion:
Western Disturbances are essential for North India’s winter weather, impacting agriculture and hydrology. Efficient forecasting can mitigate risks like unseasonal floods.

Approach:

  • Define seismic shadow zones and their role.
  • Explain how they reveal Earth’s internal structure.
  • Substantiate with Indian examples where applicable.

Model Answer:
Seismic shadow zones are areas on Earth’s surface where seismic waves from earthquakes are not detected due to wave refraction and reflection within Earth’s interior.

Understanding Earth’s Structure:

  • P-Waves: Refracted at the core-mantle boundary, forming a shadow zone (103°–142°).
  • S-Waves: Absence in outer core confirms its liquid state.

Significance:

  • Helps determine Earth’s layered structure (crust, mantle, core).
  • Indian Seismological Studies: Data from Indian seismic observatories, like the one in Shillong, corroborates these findings.

Conclusion:
Seismic shadow zones are critical for understanding Earth’s composition, aiding in mineral exploration and disaster management.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

Question 1: What are the key characteristics of fjords? How do they impact tourism and local economies in regions where they are found? (10 Marks) 📅 19 Nov, 2024 | Geography

Approach:

  • Define fjords and their geographical uniqueness.
  • Discuss their scenic appeal and environmental importance.
  • Highlight their role in boosting tourism and local economies with global and Indian examples.

Model Answer:
Fjords are deep, narrow inlets formed by glacial erosion, typically flanked by steep cliffs. Found in regions like Norway, New Zealand, and Alaska, their unique geological formations and ecosystems attract global attention.

Characteristics:

  • Fjords are U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers and filled by seawater.
  • They often host rich marine biodiversity and scenic landscapes with waterfalls.

Impact on Tourism and Economy:

  • Globally, regions like Norway’s Geirangerfjord are major tourist destinations.
  • In India, while true fjords are absent, similar attractions like Kerala’s backwaters or Ladakh’s Pangong Lake draw tourists. The hospitality, transport, and local handicraft industries benefit significantly.

Conclusion:
Though India lacks true fjords, leveraging its water-based scenic locations can significantly boost eco-tourism while promoting sustainable development.

Approach:

  • Define agroecological zones (AEZs).
  • Link zones to specific crops in India with examples.
  • Highlight their role in sustainable agriculture.

Model Answer:
Agroecological zones (AEZs) are land units defined by climatic and soil conditions that determine crop suitability. India, with its diverse geography, is divided into 20 AEZs.

Examples of AEZs and Crop Cultivation:

  • Indo-Gangetic Plains: Rich alluvial soil and favorable climate support rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Punjab and Haryana lead in wheat production.
  • Deccan Plateau: Semi-arid regions like Maharashtra grow drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses.
  • Western Ghats: High rainfall and fertile soil favor plantation crops like tea and coffee in Kerala and Karnataka.
  • Coastal Plains: Support rice and coconut cultivation due to abundant water availability, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Conclusion:
Agroecological zones ensure scientific crop planning, increasing productivity and sustainability. Tailored agricultural practices based on AEZs can enhance food security in India.

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